Physical Science

• Hydrogen is converted into helium


  1. In the stellar nebulae/ sun core

  2. By nuclear fusion
• Big bang theory


  Also known as primordial nucleosynthesis
• Big bang theory produced light elements such as Hydrogen and Helium, and very few elements heavier than lithium
• Stellar Nucleosynthesis


  The creation (nucleosynthesis) of chemical elements by nuclear fusion reaction within stars
• Stellar Nucleosynthesis


  • Requires high temperature
  • Requires high pressure
  • Nuclear fusion takes place
• Each element has a unique number of protons
• Nuclear reaction


  1. Protons in the nuclei of elements are combined

  2. Creating new elements
• Synthetic elements


  Created in laboratories through particle accelerators, where in target materials bombarded by high-speed particles to create new elements
• London dispersion ills and individuals sports
• Dipole-dipole attraction


  An intermolecular force that exists only in polar molecules
• Hydrogen bond


  A type of intermolecular force that exists when hydrogen is paired with F, O, or N, as found in DNA
• Hydrogen bonding


  A special kind of dipole-dipole interaction that occurs specifically between a hydrogen atom bonded to an oxygen, nitrogen, or fluorine atom
• Substances with strong intermolecular forces

  Have high boiling point, melting point, viscosity and surface tension
• Collision theory


  States that for a chemical reaction to occur, the reacting particles must collide with one another with enough energy and proper orientation
• Increasing temperature, concentration, surface area and pressure

  Generally increase the rate of chemical reaction
• Fossil fuel is the most heavily used source of energy in the Philippines
• Geothermal energy


  The form of energy generated by natural processes within the earth, such as hot rocks, magma, geysers, and hot springs
• Renewable sources


  Are continuously replenished and do not deplete over time
• Non-renewable sources


  Are finite and deplete as they are consumed
• Potential greenhouse gas emissions are a crucial factor for evaluating the sustainability of energy sources
• Stoichiometry


  1. Determine formula mass

  2. Convert given quantity to moles

  3. Use stoichiometry ratios

  4. Calculate theoretical yield

  5. Calculate percent yield
• Laboratory synthesis of new elements is artificial synthesis of elements that requires advanced particle accelerators and target materials
• High temperature and high pressure are the necessary conditions for nuclear fusion to take place
• Biodegradability and environmental certification are the criteria used in assessing cleaning products
• Greenhouse gas emissions during energy production are the factor that is most crucial for evaluating the sustainability of a particular energy
• Renewable energy


  Energy that is not depleted when used
• Fossil fuel is the source of energy that is most heavily used in the Philippines
• Finely powdered reactants


  Exhibit faster reaction rates due to increased surface area
• Reactions can happen if the colliding particles have enough energy
• Saturated fats


  • Butter, eggs, coconut oils, palm oils