ANAPHY

• Tissues


  Similar cells with a common function
• Histology


  The study of tissues
• Primary or major tissue types

  • Epithelial Tissue
  • Connective Tissue
  • Muscle Tissue
  • Nervous Tissue
• Intercellular junctions


  • Tight junctions: Close space between cells, located among cells that form linings
  • Desmosomes: Form "spot welds" between cells, located among outer skin cells
  • Gap junctions: Tubular channels between cells, located in cardiac muscle cells
• Epithelial tissue


  • Cover organs and the body
  • Line body cavities
  • Line hollow organs
  • Have a free surface
  • Have a basement membrane
  • Are avascular
  • Cells readily divide
  • Cells tightly packed
  • Cells often have desmosomes
  • Function in protection, secretion, absorption, and excretion
• Simple squamous epithelium


  Single layer of flat cells, substances pass easily through
• Simple cuboidal epithelium


  Single layer of cube-shaped cells, line kidney tubules, cover ovaries, line ducts of some glands
• Simple columnar epithelium


  Single layer of elongated cells, nuclei usually near the basement, sometimes possess cilia or microvilli, often have goblet cells, line uterus, stomach, intestines
• Pseudostratified columnar epithelium


  Single layer of elongated cells, nuclei at two or more levels, appear striated, often have cilia or goblet cells, line respiratory passageways
• Stratified squamous epithelium


  Many cell layers, top cells are flat, can accumulate keratin, outer layer of skin, line oral cavity, vagina, and anal canal
• Stratified cuboidal epithelium


  1. 3 layers of cube-shaped cells, line ducts of mammary glands, sweat glands, salivary glands, and the pancreas
• Stratified columnar epithelium


  Top layer of elongated cells, cube-shaped cells in deeper layers, line part of male urethra and part of pharynx
• Transitional epithelium


  Many cell layers, cube-shaped and elongated cells, line urinary bladder, ureters, and part of urethra
• Glandular epithelium


  • Composed of cells specialized to produce and secrete substances
  • Endocrine glands are ductless (hormone)
  • Exocrine glands have ducts
  • Unicellular exocrine gland: composed of one cell (goblet cell)
  • Multicellular exocrine gland: composed of many cells (sweat glands, salivary glands, etc.)
• Structural types of exocrine glands

  • Simple tubular
  • Simple branched tubular
  • Simple coiled tubular
  • Simple branched alveolar
  • Compound tubular
  • Compound alveolar
• Merocrine glands


  Fluid product, salivary glands, pancreas gland, sweat glands
• Apocrine glands


  Cellular product, portions of cells, mammary glands, ceruminous glands
• Holocrine glands


  Secretory products are whole cells, sebaceous glands
• Connective tissues


  • Most abundant tissue type
  • Many functions: bind structures, provide support and protection, serve as frameworks, fill spaces, store fat, produce blood cells, protect against infections, help repair tissue damage
  • Have an extracellular matrix
  • Have varying degrees of vascularity
  • Have cells that usually divide
• Major cell types in connective tissue

  • Fibroblasts
  • Mast cells
  • Macrophages
• Fibroblasts


  Fixed cell, most common cell, large star-shaped, produce fibers
• Mast cells


  Fixed cell, release heparin and histamine
• Macrophages


  Wandering cell, phagocytic, important in injury or infection
• Fiber types in connective tissue

  • Collagenous fibers
  • Reticular fibers
  • Elastic fibers
• Collagenous fibers


  Thick, composed of collagen, great tensile strength, abundant in dense connective tissue, hold structures together (tendons, ligaments)
• Reticular fibers


  Very thin collagenous fibers, highly branched, form supportive networks
• Elastic fibers


  Bundles of microfibrils embedded in elastin, fibers branch, elastic (vocal cords, air passages)
• Types of connective tissue

  • Loose connective tissue
  • Adipose tissue
  • Reticular connective tissue
  • Dense connective tissue
  • Elastic connective tissue
  • Cartilage
  • Bone
  • Blood
• Loose connective tissue


  Mainly fibroblasts, fluid to gel-like matrix, collagenous and elastic fibers, binds skin to structures, beneath most epithelia, blood vessels nourish nearby epithelial cells, between muscles
• Adipose tissue


  Stores fat
• Connective Tissue Proper


  • Loose connective tissue
  • Adipose tissue
  • Reticular connective tissue
  • Dense connective tissue
  • Elastic connective tissue
• Specialized Connective Tissue


  • Cartilage
  • Bone
  • Blood
• Loose Connective Tissue


  • Mainly fibroblasts
  • Fluid to gel-like matrix
  • Collagenous fibers
  • Elastic fibers
  • Binds skin to structures
  • Beneath most epithelia
  • Blood vessels nourish nearby epithelial cells
  • Between muscles
• Reticular Connective Tissue


  • Composed of reticular fibers
  • Supports internal organ walls
  • Walls of liver, spleen, lymphatic organs
• Dense Connective Tissue


  • Packed collagenous fibers
  • Elastic fibers
  • Few fibroblasts
  • Bind body parts together
  • Tendons, ligaments, dermis
  • Poor blood supply
• Elastic Connective Tissue


  • Abundant in elastic fibers
  • Some collagenous fibers
  • Fibroblasts
  • Attachments between bones
  • Walls of large arteries, airways, heart
• Bone (Osseous Tissue)


  • Solid matrix
  • Supports
  • Protects
  • Forms blood cells
  • Attachment for muscles
  • Skeleton
  • Osteocytes in lacunae
• Types of Cartilage


  • Hyaline Cartilage
  • Elastic Cartilage
  • Fibrocartilage
• Hyaline Cartilage


  • Most abundant
  • Ends of bones
  • Nose, respiratory passages
  • Rigid matrix
  • Chondrocytes in lacunae
  • Poor blood supply
• Elastic Cartilage


  • Flexible
  • External ear, larynx