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Paper 3
Forensic Psychology
Psychodynamic Explanation
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Psychodynamic explanations
Explanations of
offending
behaviour based on
Freudian psychoanalytic
theory
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Main psychodynamic explanations of offending behaviour
Inadequate superego
Maternal deprivation
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Superego
Part of the
personality
that operates according to the
morality principle
and represents our internalised sense of right and wrong
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Inadequate superego
The superego is
weak
,
harsh
, or deviant
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Development of the superego
1. Formed at the end of the
phallic
stage when the child identifies with the
same-sex
parent
2. Child adopts the
same-sex
parent's sense of right and
wrong
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Weak superego
Occurs when the same-sex parent is absent during the
phallic
stage, so the child does not have the opportunity to
identify
with them
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Harsh superego
Occurs when the
same-sex
parent is very strict, and the child identifies with them strongly, leading to crippling guilt and
anxiety
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Deviant superego
Occurs when the child identifies with a criminal
same-sex
parent, adopting their
deviant
moral attitudes
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Maternal deprivation
Loss of
emotional
care normally provided by a
mother
figure
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Maternal deprivation
Prolonged separation from the
mother
figure in infancy or
childhood
can cause serious and long-term psychological damage
This only occurs if it happens before age
2.5
and there is no
substitute
mother figure
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Affectionless psychopathy
Lack of affection,
guilt
and
empathy
, leading to increased likelihood of offending behaviour
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Bowlby's
study of 44 juvenile thieves found that 12 out of 14 affectionless psychopaths had experienced
prolonged separations
from their mothers during the first 2 years of their lives
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Bowlby's
study has been criticised for potential
researcher bias
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Lewis (
1954
) found that
maternal deprivation
was a poor predictor of future offending behaviour
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The link between maternal deprivation and offending behaviour may not be
causal
, as other factors like
genetics
could explain the link
View source
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