PR2

• Quantitative research is an objective, systematic, empirical investigation of the observable phenomena through the use of computational techniques.
• Objective. Quantitative research is objective. This means that the researcher is unbiased.
• Clearly defined Research Questions. In quantitative research, the

  researcher is expected to have clearly defined research questions to which the objective answers are gathered.
• Structured Research Instruments. Quantitative research normally

  gathers data using structured research tools such as questionnaires to collect measurable characteristics of the population such as age, gender, religion, etc.
• Numerical Data. Normally, the data in the quantitative research is in the form of numbers and statistics.
• Large Sample sizes. To have a more reliable data analysis, quantitative research considers the normal population.
• Replication. If quantitative research is reliable, usually, it can be

  replicated or repeated to verify and confirm the results of such study in another setting.
• Future Outcomes. With the help of complex mathematical calculations and computers, quantitative research can be used to generalize concepts widely, predict future results, or investigate a causal relationship.
• Descriptive Research. This design is concerned with describing the

  nature, characteristics and components of the population or a

  phenomenon.
• Correlational Research. It is a systematic investigation of the nature of relationship, or associations between among variables without necessarily investigating into causal reasons underlying them.
• Evaluation Research. It aims to assess the effects and impacts or

  outcomes of practices, policies and programs.
• Survey Research. It is used to gather information from groups of people by selecting and studying samples chosen from population.
• Causal Comparative Research. It is also known as ex post facto (after the fact) research. This kind of research derives conclusion from observations and manifestation that already occurred in the past and now compared to some dependent variables.
• Experimental Research. This research utilizes scientific method to test

  cause and-effect relationships under conditions controlled by the

  researcher.
• Variables are changing qualities or characteristics of persons or things.
• Qualitative. Qualitative variables take on values that are names or

  labels.
• Quantitative. Quantitative variables are numeric.
• Qualitative variables can be further classified as nominal or ordinal

  variables.
• Nominal Variable. A type of variable used to name, label, or categorize particular attributes that are being measured without ordering of the categories.
• Ordinal Variable. A type of variable used to categorize particular

  attributes with an order or rank. This can be with a numeric value or

  without numeric value.
• Quantitative variables can be further classified as interval or ratio

  variables.
• Interval Variable. A type of variable used to define values measured

  along a scale, with each point placed at an equal distance from one

  another. Temperature, IQ Test, Time
• Ratio Variable. A numeric variable having a zero value. Addition,

  subtraction, multiplication, and division operations can be performed

  on the numerical values of this variable type. Kelvin (temparature)
• Active IV are interventions or conditions we apply to participants.
• Attribute IV are intrinsic characteristics of the participants that are

  suspected of causing a result.
• The background of research establishes the context of the research.
• Scope refers to the coverage at which the research area will be explored.
• Delimitation is the parameters or characteristics that limit the scope and set the boundaries of the study.
• Background of the Study. In this section, the researcher provides a brief account of the rationale of choosing the research topic.
• Statement of the Problem/Statement of Purpose - This section presents the problem or the objectives of the research work

  that needs to be resolved and that should be stated precisely, accurately, and clearly.
• Significance of the Study - This section provides justification of your study. It contains statements of the contribution of the study.
• Scope and Delimitation of the Study - This section sets the boundaries of the study you are going to conduct.
• APA (American Psychological Association). It is an author/date-based citation style.
• MLA (Modern Language Association). It is the most often used in arts and humanities papers particularly in the USA.
• AMA (American Medical Association) or Vancouver. The Vancouver system is mainly used in medical and scientific papers.
• Chicago Manual of Style. It includes two systems for in-text citation such as author-date system and notes-bibliography system.
• APA – (Reyes, 2012) or Reyes (2012)
• MLA – (Reyes p917)
• AMA/Vancouver – numbering with either square [ ] or curved brackets ( ) can be used as long as it is consistent (i.e. Research is fun! [1])
• Chicago – (Reyes 2012) or Reyes (2012)