molecular biology

• Cells are the basics of life
• Cell


  • Plasma band membrane
  • Chromosome
  • Endoplasmic reticulum
  • Cytosol
  • Ribosomes
• Prokaryotic


  Bacteria & cyanobacteria
• Eukaryotic


  All living organisms other than bacteria
• Archaea


  A domain of single-celled microorganisms
• Cell size


  • Prokaryotes 1-10 μm
  • Eukaryotes 10-100 μm
• Prokaryotic cells


  • No nucleus
  • DNA located in nucleoid
  • Smooth endoplasmic reticulum
  • Algal apparatus
  • Releasing vesicles
  • Pili
  • Flagella
  • Phagocytosis
  • Autophagy
  • Vacuoles
  • Ribosomes
• Prokaryotic cell shapes


  • Spheres (cocci)
  • Rods (bacilli)
  • Helical (spirilli)
• Cell wall


  Holds shape and provides protection
• Gram stain


  Used to see the cell wall structure based on colour
• Eukaryotic cells


  • True nucleus
  • Membrane-bound organelles
  • Plant and animal cells have different shapes
  • Plant cells have a cell wall to maintain shape
• Most of the cell's DNA is in the nucleus enclosed in the nuclear envelope
• Nucleus has pores to allow material flow
• Ribosomes


  Some are free, some are bound (not membrane-bound)
• Mitochondria are membrane-bound organelles