P1 Questions

• Explain two reasons why people live in areas at risk from natural hazards

  geothermal energy

  tourism

  fertile ground

  boreholes

  blue lagoon
• Explain how the risks of a tectonic hazard can be reduced- planning


  drills

  evacuation plans

  emergency kits

  training of emergency services
• Explain how the risks of a tectonic hazard can be reduced- protecting

  cross bracing

  shock absorbers

  shatter proof windows

  buildings that can sway
• Explain how the risks of a tectonic hazard can be reduced- prediction

  measure volcanic gas

  tremors

  bulging from volcanoes
• give reasons why the wind speed of a storm changes as it reaches land

  high friction

  obstacles

  no warm oceans to gain speed
• suggest one way the distribution of tropical storms could change due to global warming

  found at higher latitudes
• explain how alternative energy production and planting trees may help reduce climate change

  renewable energy is sustainable

  no co2 released

  does not contribute to global warming

  trees are carbon sinks through photosynthesis

  less co2 in the atmosphere to contribute to the greenhouse effect
• explain how natural factors can cause climate change

  sun spots give off more heat energy

  so more infrared radiation absorbed in the atmosphere

  Milankovitch cycle causes the orbit to change

  the sun is closer or further away

  volcanic eruptions can cause global dimming

  cooling down the atmosphere
• two ways climate change can be mitigated

  CCS

  reduce fossil fuel combustion

  sustainable energy
• two ways climate change can be adapted

  flood defences

  houses on stilts

  flood plain zoning
• Explain why earthquakes and volcanic eruptions take place along destructive plate margins

  oceanic plate is more dense so it subducts continental by convection currents

  friction builds up

  released as seismic waves from the epic centre

  sudden violent shaking of the ground

  fissures can form

  allowing magma to rise
• Which statement describes the characteristics of temperate deciduous forest?

  1. The vegetation is short because the growing season only lasts two months.
  2. The trees drop their dead leaves because of lower temperatures in winter.
  3. The vegetation is sparse because rainfall is low.
  4. The vegetation is evergreen because the climate is hot all year round.

  2
• Suggest how plants are adapted to the climate in tropical rainforests.

  over 2000mm per year

  buttress roots for support

  waxy layer to protect against heat

  tall to reach sunlight

  lianas climb up trees for sunlight

  drip tip leaves allow water to run off
• Give one reason why deforestation has decreased in some countries

  international agreements

  debt relief

  selective logging

  ecotourism

  education
• outline one environmental effect of deforestation.

  soil is left exposed so leaching and desertification is possible

  animals lose habitats
• Explain how a wave cut platform is formed as a cliff is eroded


  hydraulic action and abrasion

  erode cliff base leaving a wave cut notch and a overhang

  no support so overhang collapses

  leaving a wave cut platform exposed at low tide
• Give reasons why the median size of sediment tends to decrease downstream from the source of the river

  river width increases
• Explain how a meander may be formed by both erosion and deposition.

  hydraulic action and abrasion of outer edges

  forming a river cliff

  deposition on the inner bend due to slow river velocity forming a slip off slope

  over time this continues

  causing a meander
• Assess the benefits of using hard engineering and soft engineering to reduce the risk of river flooding (6m)

  flood plain zoning

  reduces important and expensive infrastructure getting damaged

  saves economy as farmland is damaged

  cannot move already existing buildings

  does not stop flooding

  embankments allow a higher river discharge

  holds more water so longer to flood

  affordable

  actually prevents flooding

  climate change can cause more dangerous flooding so may not work
• describe the link between air pressure and surface winds

  winds blow from high to low pressure areas

  sinking air causes high pressure
• Suggest why areas close to the Equator usually have high rainfall

  low pressure system

  air rises and condenses for heavy rainfall
• Assess the importance of inaccessibility and extreme temperatures as challenges to development in hot deserts

  temperatures over 40 degrees and less than 250mm of rainfall

  illness and no access to healthcare

  inaccessible roads or transport

  difficult to provide services and expensive pipelines to transport oil and materials
• Explain the formation of a spit

  long shore drift

  sediment transported from one side of beach to the other

  a sharp bend causes sediment to be deposited in a line and builds up

  fine sediment is carried along and bigger sediment is dropped
• Discuss the costs and benefits of soft engineering strategies in protecting coastlines


  beach nourishment replaces eroded sand and rock

  defence against erosion

  natural

  constant maintaining

  sand dune regeneration

  absorb wave energy

  increase biodiversity

  tourists stand on them
• How are spits formed?

  Sediment is carried by longshore drift.

  When there is a change in the shape of the coastline, deposition occurs. A long thin ridge of material is deposited. This is the spit.

  A hooked end can form if there is a change in wind direction.

  Waves cannot get past a spit, therefore the water behind a spit is very sheltered. Silts are deposited here to form salt marshes or mud flats.
• How are bars formed?

  2 spits joined or a spit connecting to a headland
• How are floodplains formed?

  river floods

  fine sediment is carried and deposited on land

  larger sediment is dropped near river

  builds up over time on the land
• How are embankments formed?

  large sediment is carried and deposited on the river banks when floods

  buildup over time

  forms natural embankments
• How are estuaries formed?

  An estuary is where the river meets the sea. The river here is tidal and when the sea retreats the volume of the water in the estuary is reduced. When there is less water, the river deposits silt to form mudflats which are an important habitat for wildlife.