SEHS

• Skeletal system

  • Provides support and structure
  • Provides protection
  • Facilitates movement
• Support and structure


  • The skeletal system provides the structural framework for the body, supporting and maintaining its shape
  • Gives the body its form and rigidity, allowing us to stand upright and maintain posture
• Protection


  • The bones of the skeletal system protect vital organs from injury and damage
  • The skull protects the brain
• Movement


  • Bones, along with muscles and joints, work together to produce movement
  • Skeletal muscles attach to bones via tendons and when they contract, they pull on bones, causing movements at the joints
• Blood cell formation

  • Within the bone marrow, specialised cells produce blood cells through a process called haematology
  • Red bone marrow produces red blood cells, white blood cells and platelets essential for oxygen transport, immunity and blood clotting
• Axial skeleton


  • Forms the central axis of the body
  • Consists of the skull, vertebral column, ribs and sternum
  • Provides structural support and protection of vital organs
  • Involved in supporting the body's weight
• Appendicular skeleton


  • Comprised of the bones of the arms, legs and the girdles that connect them to the axial skeleton
  • Includes the shoulder girdle and pelvic girdle
  • Primary function is to facilitate movement
  • Serves as a framework for the muscles
• Types of bones

  • Long bones
  • Short bones
  • Flat bones
  • Irregular bones
• Long bones


  • Characterised by their length being larger than their width
  • Examples: femur, humerus, radius, ulna
  • Generally support the weight of the body and facilitate movement by acting as levers
• Short bones

  • Roughly cube shaped and contain more spongy bone than compact bone
  • Examples: wrist bones (carpals), ankle bones (tarsals)
  • Provide stability and support as well as facilitate in small and fine movements
• Flat bones

  • Thin, flattened and curved, consisting of two layers of compact bone enclosing a layer of spongy bone
  • Examples: skull bones, ribs, sternum
  • Protect internal organs and provide large surface areas for muscle attachment
• Irregular bones


  • Have complex shapes that do not fit into the other categories
  • Example: vertebrae
  • Serve specialized functions such as protecting the spinal cord and providing attachment points for muscles
• Anatomical terminology

  • Anterior: towards the front of the body
• Functions of muscles

  • Movement: enable voluntary and involuntary movements, including locomotion and movement of internal organs
  • Protection and support: provide protection to internal organs by surrounding and cushioning them, and provide support to the skeletal system
• Personality


  The sum of characteristics that make a person unique
• Social learning theory

  • We have the capacity to learn without reinforcement (rewards or punishments)
  • Athletes generally base their behavior on observations from teammates and coaches
  • Athletes will be influenced by their own role models
• Internationalist approach

  Assumes personality is stable and consistent across a variety of situations
• Situation approach


  Agrees that behavior is determined largely by the situation or environment
• Someone with a high hostility trait

  Won't necessarily be violent in all situations
• A hostile person is placed in a particular situation


  Their violent nature might be more likely to be triggered
• Types of goals

  • Outcome goals
  • Performance goals
  • Process goals
• Outcome goals


  Focus on a competitive result of an event, not completely in your own control
• Performance goals


  Focus on achieving standards or performance objectives independently of other competitors, in your own control
• Process goals


  Focus on actions an individual must engage in during performance to execute or perform well, in your own control
• Motivation


  The internal mechanism and external stimuli which arouse and direct our behavior
• Extrinsic rewards

  Advocates argue they will increase motivation, enhance learning and increase the desire to continue participation; can be tangible items or feedback from an external source
• Intrinsic motivation


  People strive inwardly to be competent and self-determining, enjoy competition, focus on having fun and want to learn to the best of their ability
• Intrinsic motivation


  Will either increase or decrease as a result of extrinsic motivation, dependent on situation and individual
• Extrinsic rewards


  Will enhance intrinsic motivation when the reward provides positive information with regard to the performer's level of competence
• Intrinsic motivation


  Will generally be high when someone receives an award if extrinsic rewards/goals are not achieved
• Somatic anxiety


  Physiological symptoms of anxiety, such as increased heart rate, sweating, trembling, nausea, or muscle tension
• Cognitive anxiety


  Psychological or mental aspects of anxiety, such as worry, fear, negative thoughts, or an inability to concentrate
• Imagery


  • Creating experiences in your mind, athletes use it to rehearse their performance and visualize success
• Progressive Muscle Relaxation (PMR)


  • A relaxation technique involving the tensing and releasing of muscle groups to reduce physical tension and stress
• Breathing

  • Controlled breathing techniques used to manage stress, anxiety, and enhance focus
• Self-talk


  The internal dialogue we have with ourselves
• Positive self-talk


  Encouraging and affirming phrases used to boost confidence and motivation
• Negative self-talk


  Critical or self-defeating thoughts that can undermine performance
• Technical self-talk


  Focused on specific technical aspects of performance
• Thought stopping

  Interrupting and replacing negative thoughts with positive ones to maintain focus and confidence