Glands

• Hypothalamus


  Secretes hormones that stimulate or suppress the release of hormones in the pituitary gland, in addition to controlling water balance, sleep, temperature, appetite, and blood pressure
• Hormones secreted by the hypothalamus

  • Thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH)
  • Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH)
  • Growth hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH)
  • Corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH)
  • Somatostatin
  • Dopamine
• Hypothalamus


  • Located above the pituitary gland and below the third ventricle
• Pituitary gland


  Produces hormones that stimulate growth, and controls the functions of other glands
• Hormones produced by the pituitary gland

  • Oxytocin
  • Growth Hormones (GH)
  • Prolactin (PRL)
  • Luteinizing Hormone (LH)
  • Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH)
  • Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)
  • Antidiuretic hormone (AH)
  • Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (TSH)
• Pituitary gland


  • A small, pea-sized gland found at the base of the brain, in line with the top of the nose
• Pineal gland


  Helps control the circadian cycle of sleep and wakefulness by secreting melatonin
• Pineal gland


  • Located in the mid-line of the brain
• Thyroid gland


  Produces hormones that regulate body metabolism, and storage of calcium in bones
• Hormones produced by the thyroid gland

  • Thyroxine or Tetraiodothyronine (T4)
  • Triiodothyronine (T3)
  • Calcitonin
• Thyroid gland


  • Located in the front of the neck, straddling the windpipe (trachea), shaped like a butterfly
• Parathyroid glands


  Produce hormones that control the calcium levels in the body, and normalise bone growth
• Hormones produced by the parathyroid glands

  • Parathyroid hormone
  • Parathormone (PTH)
• Parathyroid glands


  • Two pairs of small, oval-shaped glands located next to the two thyroid gland lobes in the neck
• Thymus gland


  Produces hormones that enable the body to produce T cells before puberty
• Hormones produced by the thymus gland

  • Thymosin
  • Thymopoietin
  • Thymulin
• Thymus gland


  • Located in the chest, between the lungs and behind the breastbone or sternum
• Adrenal glands


  Produce hormones that affect metabolism, immune system and blood pressure, and the stress reaction
• Hormones produced by the adrenal glands

  • Aldosterone
  • Cortisol
  • Androgens
  • Estrogen
  • Epinephrine
• Adrenal glands


  • Small, triangular-shaped glands located on top of both kidneys
• Pancreas


  Produces hormones that regulate blood sugar levels
• Hormones produced by the pancreas

  • Insulin
  • Proinsulin
  • Amylin
  • C-peptide
  • Somatostatin
  • Pancreatic Polypeptide (PP)
  • Glucagon
• Pancreas


  • Located across the back of the belly, behind the stomach
• Testes (males)


  Produce hormones that control maturation of sperm and development of the secondary male sexual characteristics
• Hormones produced by the testes

  • Testosterone
  • Dihydrotestosterone
• Testes


  • Testicles are found outside the male body in the scrotum
• Ovaries (females)


  Produce hormones that influence development of the secondary female sexual characteristics, and maturation of the egg cells and ovulation
• Hormones produced by the ovaries

  • Estrogen
  • Progesterone
• Ovaries


  • Ovaries are present inside the female body above the abdomen