schaffers stages

• What are multiple attachments in attachment theory?

  Attachments to two or more people
• What are the stages of attachment according to Schaffer and Emerson?

  1. Asocial stage
  2. Indiscriminate attachment
  3. Specific attachment
  4. Multiple attachments
• What is the first stage of attachment?

  Asocial stage
• What observable behavior occurs during the asocial stage?

  Similar behavior towards humans and objects
• What do Schaffer and Emerson believe about the asocial stage?

  Babies show signs of preferring people
• How do babies behave in the asocial stage regarding comfort?

  They are more easily comforted by familiar people
• What is the age range for the indiscriminate attachment stage?

  2 to 7 months
• What social behaviors do babies display during the indiscriminate attachment stage?

  More obvious social behaviors towards humans
• How do babies respond to comfort during the indiscriminate attachment stage?

  They accept comfort from any person
• What is the age range for the specific attachment stage?

  From 7 months
• What signs indicate a specific attachment has formed?

  Stranger anxiety and separation anxiety
• Who is typically the primary attachment figure?

  The person who interacts most skillfully
• What percentage of cases is the primary attachment figure usually the mother?

  65%
• What happens shortly after a baby forms a specific attachment?

  They begin to form multiple attachments
• What are secondary attachments?

  Attachments with other people regularly present
• What percentage of children formed secondary attachments within a month?

  29%
• By what age do most babies develop multiple attachments?

  By 1 year
• What was the sample size in Schaffer and Emerson's research?

  60 children
• What was the gender distribution in Schaffer and Emerson's sample?

  31 boys and 29 girls
• What method did Schaffer and Emerson use to gather data?

  Observational study in homes
• What did mothers report to researchers in Schaffer and Emerson's study?

  Protests shown by babies during separations
• What did researchers assess to measure attachment?

  Stranger anxiety responses
• What did Schaffer and Emerson identify in their findings?

  Four distinct stages of attachment development
• What are the strengths and limitations of Schaffer and Emerson's research?

  Strengths:

  • Good external validity
  • Natural behavior observed

  
  

  Limitations:

  • Potential bias from mothers' observations
  • Validity issues in assessing attachment in asocial stage
• Why is Schaffer and Emerson's research considered to have good external validity?

  Most observations were made by parents
• What is a counterpoint to the external validity of Schaffer and Emerson's research?

  Mothers may not be objective observers
• What is a limitation regarding the measures used to assess attachment in the asocial stage?

  Young babies show subtle signs of anxiety
• How does Schaffer and Emerson's research apply to day care?

  Day care is straightforward in early stages
• What is a strength of Schaffer and Emerson's study design?

  It was based on a large-scale study
• What is a counterpoint regarding the generalizability of Schaffer and Emerson's findings?

  Sample was unique to 1960s Glasgow
• How do cultural differences affect attachment formation?

  • Collectivist cultures often have multiple attachments early
  • Individualist cultures may emphasize primary attachments