cultural variations

• Who conducted the study on attachment types in 1988?

  Van Ijzendoorn and Kroonenberg
• What was the main aim of Van Ijzendoorn and Kroonenberg's study?

  To assess cultural variation in attachment types
• What was the procedure of the study conducted by Van Ijzendoorn and Kroonenberg?

  • Located 32 studies using the Strange Situation
  • Investigated proportions of attachment types
  • Conducted in 8 countries, 15 in the US
  • Analyzed data from 1990 children
• How many studies were located in Van Ijzendoorn and Kroonenberg's research?

  32 studies
• How many children were included in the meta-analysis of the studies?

  1990 children
• What was the most common attachment type found in all countries?

  Secure attachment
• What percentage of secure attachment was found in Britain?

  75%
• What percentage of secure attachment was found in China?

  50%
• How did insecure resistant attachment rates in individualist cultures compare to Ainsworth's original sample?

  They were similar, all under 14%
• What were the rates of insecure resistant attachment in collectivist cultures?

  Above 25% in China, Japan, and Israel
• How much greater were variations within the same country compared to those between countries?

  150% greater
• What were the findings of the Italian study conducted by Simonelli et al.?

  • Sample: 76 babies aged 12 months
  • 50% securely attached
  • 36% insecure avoidant
  • Lower secure attachment, higher avoidant attachment
  • Due to mothers working long hours and using childcare
• What conclusion was drawn from the Italian study regarding attachment types?

  Patterns of attachment vary with cultural change
• What were the findings of the Korean study conducted by Kyoung Jin et al.?

  • Sample: 87 babies
  • Proportions of secure and insecure babies similar to most countries
  • Most babies were secure
  • More insecurely attached were resistant, only one avoidant
• How does the distribution of attachment types in Korea compare to Japan?

  Similar distribution of attachment types
• What conclusions can be drawn about secure attachment from the studies?

  • Secure attachment is the norm in many cultures
  • Supports Bowlby's idea that attachment is innate
  • Cultural practices influence attachment type
• What is a strength of the studies conducted by indigenous psychologists?

  • Avoids misunderstandings in communication
  • Reduces bias from cultural stereotypes
  • Enhances validity of data collected
• What is a counterpoint regarding cross-cultural attachment research?

  Not all research was done by indigenous psychologists
• What limitation is associated with cross-cultural research findings?

  • Impacted by confounding variables
  • Methodology often not matched across studies
  • Sample characteristics can confound results
  • Environmental variables may differ
• How can environmental variables affect attachment behavior in studies?

  They may confound results, affecting classifications
• Why might a child be classified as avoidant in a study?

  Due to less visible proximity seeking from room size
• What issues arise from non-matched studies in cross-cultural research?

  • May not accurately reflect cross-cultural patterns
  • Confounding variables can skew results
  • Difficult to draw valid conclusions