Respiration

• The respiratory system is responsible for the exchange of gases between an organism's body and its environment.
• Gas exchange occurs at the alveoli, which are tiny air sacs found within the lungs.
• Oxygen diffuses from the alveoli into the bloodstream through thin walls called capillaries.
• Aerobic word equation


  Oxygen + glucose —> carbon dioxide + water + energy
• Anaerobic respiration 


  Glucose -> energy + lactic acid
• glucose Isn’t fully broken down without oxygen so can’t be used in the form of ATP
• Lactic acid build up causes muscle fatigue
• In aerobic respiration, oxygen reacts with glucose to produce carbon dioxide and water as waste products.
• During this process, energy is released in the form of ATP (adenosine triphosphate), which cells use for various functions such as movement, growth, and repair.
• ATP is the main source of energy for cells to carry out their functions.
• The process releases energy which is stored in molecules of ATP (adenosine triphosphate).
• During exercise, muscles need more energy than usual. This means that they use up all the available ATP very quickly.
• Rich blood supply to the alvoli maintains concentration gradient
• Moist lining in the alvoli allows better Gas exchange to take place speeding up the Gas exchange
• Thin walls 


  Gasses can easily pass through the lining
• Large surface area 


  Increased capacity allowing in more oxygen
• Carbon dioxide leaves the body when we exhale. It moves from the bloodstream into the alveoli where it diffuses back into the air we breathe out.
• Oxygen enters the lungs as part of the air we breathe in. It passes down the trachea and bronchioles until it reaches the alveoli where it diffuses across the membrane into the bloodstream. Oxygen binds with haemoglobin in red blood cells forming oxyhaemoglobin.
• Alveoli are surrounded by capillaries so gases diffuse across the thin wall into the bloodstream. The carbon dioxide from the blood also diffuses out into the air spaces.
• Oxygen enters our lungs during breathing and then passes across the thin membrane surrounding the alveoli (the respiratory membrane) into the capillaries which surround them
• When we breathe in, the diaphragm contracts and flattens pushing down on the abdominal organs. At the same time, the external intercostal muscles contract pulling the ribcage upwards and outwards. As a result, the volume inside the thorax increases so there is less pressure here compared to outside. Air rushes in to fill this space.
• The process of breathing in (inhalation) is called inspiration
• exhalation 


  Volume decreases therefor pressure increases the diaphragm relaxes and ribs move in and down , intercostal muscles relax also.
• What does smoking do to the self cleaning

  Tar builds Up on the cillia Of cliliated cells and paralyses them therefor they can no longer waft to self clean mucas or phlem