sci

• Volcano


  Natural opening in the earth's surface where molten rocks, smoke, gases and ashes are ejected
• Crater


  Funnel-shaped depression at the top of a volcano formed as a result of explosive eruption
• Caldera


  Volcanic crater formed when part of the wall of the crater collapses following an explosive eruption
• Magma


  Molten rock inside the earth
• Lava


  Magma that has been ejected out of a volcano
• Different types of volcanoes

  • Shield volcano
  • Cinder cone volcano
  • Composite volcano
• Shield volcano


  • Broad, slightly domed structure formed by the accumulation of lava oozes
  • Example: Mauna Loa in Hawaii
• Cinder cone volcano


  • Built from ejected lava fragments
  • Steep slope and wide crater
  • Most abundant of the three major volcano types
  • Example: Paricutin in Mexico
• Composite volcano


  • Also known as a stratovolcano
  • Large, nearly perfect sloping structure formed from the alternate solidification of both lava and pyroclastic deposits
  • Example: Mayon Volcano
• Types of volcanic eruptions

  • Phreatic
  • Phreato-magmatic
  • Strombolian
  • Plinian
  • Vulcanian
• Phreatic eruption


  Steam-driven eruption as hot rocks come in contact with water (also called hydrothermal volcano)
• Phreato-magmatic eruption


  Violent eruption due to the contact between water and magma
• Strombolian eruption


  Periodic, weak to violent eruption that reaches up to 20km high with pyroclastic flow and ash flow tephra
• Plinian eruption


  Excessively explosive type of eruption of gas and pyroclastic material
• Classification of volcanoes


  • Active
  • Dormant
  • Inactive
• Active volcano


  Volcano that has had at least one recorded eruption in the past 10,000 years
• Active volcanoes in the Philippines


  • Mount Isarug, Camarines Sur
  • Mount Iriga, Camarines Sur
  • Mount Mayon, Albay
  • Mount Bulusan, Sorsogon
  • Mount Canluan, Negros Occidental
• Dormant volcano


  Active volcano that is not currently erupting but expected to erupt again
• Inactive volcano


  Volcano that has not erupted for more than 10,000 years (also called extinct or sleeping)
• Inactive volcanoes in the Philippines

  • Mount Anilao Hills, Batangas
  • Mount Batuan, Sorsogon
  • Mount Urut, Sulu
  • Mount Tamburok, Leyte
  • Mount Cabaluyan, Pangasinan
  • Mount Balikabok, Zambales
• Volcanoes are formed when magma trapped underneath the Earth's crust rises to the surface and escapes through cracks
• Geothermal energy


  Heat from the Earth's interior, originating from melted magma and the decay of radioactive substances, that can be used as a source of energy
• Ways geothermal energy is generated

  • Geothermal power plant
  • Geothermal heat pumps
• Geothermal power plant


  Uses the heat from inside the Earth to produce steam and generate electricity
• Geothermal heat pumps


  Use the heat coming from the Earth's surface to heat water for buildings
• Greenhouse gases


  The natural warming process of earth that results when gases in the atmosphere trap heat from the earth that would otherwise escape into space
• Climate change


  A change in the average weather of a given area or region
• Global warming


  An increase in the temperature of the earth's atmosphere
• Greenhouse gases


  • carbon dioxide
  • mething
  • CH⁴
  • nitrous oxide
• When greenhouse gases are in too much

  Global warming happens
• Causes of climate change

  • Burning of fossil fuels
  • Intensive farming produce crops and livestock raising
  • Deforestation
  • Human activities
• Effects of climate change

  • Human health
  • Plants
  • Animals
  • Melting of glaciers
  • Changes in precipitation
• Prevention of climate change

  • Reduce carbon emission
  • Conservation of energy
  • Practice 3r's (reduce, reuse, recycle)
  • Adapt a plant based diet
  • Use renewable energy
  • Reservation of forest
  • Education
• Latitude


  The main factor affecting the climate
• As the latitude increases


  The temperature decreases
• As the altitude increases


  The air temperature decreases
• Ocean currents


  The continuous directional movement of ocean created by wind friction, water density, earth's rotation, solar energy and gravity variation in different parts of the ocean
• The direction of the water movement


  Is either variation in different parts of the ocean
• Topography


  Controls wind patterns and hence rainfall variability
• The earth's surface is one of the factors that affects weather system and climate