Cold War crisises 1958-70

• Why did many East Germans want to move to West Germany?

  The quality of life in West Germany was much higher
• How many people had fled to West Germany by 1958?

  3 million people - mainly skilled workers (engineers, teachers, doctors)
• Name both parts of Khrushchev’s Berlin Ultimatum

  Berlin should be demilitarised and Western troops withdrawn 

  Berlin should become a free city
• Name the four summit meetings which tried to solve the ‘Berlin problem’

  Geneva, 1959 

  Camp David, 1959

   

  Paris, 1960 

  Vienna, 1961
• What did Khrushchev decide to do to stop people fleeing from East to West

  He ordered the building of the Berlin Wall (165 kilometres of wall was built!)
• Which US President visited Berlin in 1963?


  President Kennedy
• What speech did Kennedy give in Berlin?

  ‘Ich bin ein Berliner’ 

  ‘I am a citizen of Berlin’
• Who became the new leader of Cuba in 1959?

  Fidel Castro
• Where is Cuba?

  Just 145 kilometres away from the US mainland
• What was the plan for the Bay of Pigs invasion?

  To overthrow Castro
• Give two reasons why the Bay of Pigs invasion failed

  Castro’s government found out about the plans and had soldiers at the ready 

  The volunteers had very little military experience and only basic training from the CIA
• What two words would be used to describe the Bay of Pigs incident for the USA?

  Humiliating

  Embarrassing
• What did an American U-S spy-plane take photos of in 1962?


  Launch pads for medium-range ballistic missiles
• What did Kennedy decide to do to stop missiles being brought into Cuba?


  He set up a naval blockade around Cuba - no Soviet ships were allowed through!
• What was the tense stand off between the USA and Soviet Union called?

  ‘The Thirteen Days’
• What famous quote did Kennedy give after the Soviet ships reached the blockade and turned around?

  ‘I think the other guy just blinked!’
• Name two consequences of the Cuban missile crisis

  Hotline was set up between Washington and Moscow 

  Test Ban Treaty 1963
• Who became Soviet leader after Krushchev?

  Brezhnev
• Who became leader of Czechoslovakia in 1968?

  Dubcek
• Name three reforms Dubcek introduced

  Censorship was relaxed 

  Trade with the West was increased 

  Czech people were given greater freedom to travel abroad
• What did these reforms become known as?

  The Prague Spring - they were introduced in April
• What action did Brezhnev take?

  500,000 Warsaw Pact troops invaded Czechoslovakia and ended the ‘Prague Spring’
• What was the Brezhnev Doctrine?

  If one country’s actions threaten other countries, then it was the duty of those countries to take steps to stop those actions 

  In other words - stopping Communist countries from introducing liberal reforms