WEEK 7 - 9

• Literature

  • Direct expressions of man's knowledge of the world are in books, periodicals, and online reading materials
  • Indirect expressions are his inferences or reflections of his surroundings that are not written or spoken at all
• Related Literature

  • Gives the researcher a complete understanding of what is known about a given topic
  • Provides the researcher with many ideas about ways to design and carry out the research more effectively
  • Essential because effective research must be based upon past knowledge
• Related Studies

  • Studies, inquiries or investigations already conducted to which the present proposed study is related or has some bearing or similarity
  • Usually unpublished materials such as manuscripts, thesis and dissertations
  • Can be classified as Local (conducted and printed in the Philippines) or Foreign (conducted and printed in foreign lands)
• Purposes of Review of Related Literature (RRL)

  • To obtain background knowledge of your research
  • To relate your study to the current condition or situation of the world
  • To show the capacity of your research work to introduce new knowledge
  • To expand, prove, or disprove the findings of previous research studies
  • To increase your understanding of the underlying theories, principles, or concepts of your research
  • To explain technical terms involved in your research study
  • To highlight the significance of your work with the kind of evidence it gathered to support the conclusion of your research
  • To avoid repeating previous research studies
  • To recommend the necessity of further research on a certain topic
• Characteristics of RRL and RRS

  • The surveyed materials must be recent as possible
  • Materials reviewed must be objective and unbiased
  • Materials surveyed must be relevant to the study
  • Surveyed materials must have been upon genuinely original and true facts or data to make them valid and reliable
  • Reviewed materials must not be too few nor too many
• Different Types of Traditional Review

  • Conceptual review
  • Critical review
  • State-of-the-Art review
  • Expert review
  • Scoping review
• Systematic Review of Literature

  A style of RRL that involves sequential acts of a review of related literature
• Steps in Writing Systematic Review

  1. Have a clear understanding of the research questions

  2. Plan your manner of obtaining the data

  3. Do the literature search

  4. Using a certain standard, determine which data, studies, or sources of knowledge are valuable or not to warrant the reasonableness of your decision to take some data and junk the rest

  5. Determine the methodological soundness of the research studies

  6. Summarize what you have gathered from various sources of data
• List of Sources of RRL and RRS

  • Books, Encyclopedia, Almanac and other similar references
  • Articles published in professional journals, magazines, periodicals, newspapers and other publications
  • Manuscript, monographs, memoirs, speeches, letters and diaries
  • Unpublished thesis and dissertations
  • The constitution and laws and statues of the land
  • Bulletins, circulars and orders emanating from government offices and departments, especially from the Office of the President of the Philippines and Dep Ed
  • Records of schools, public and private, especially reports of their activities
  • Reports from seminars, educational or otherwise
  • Official reports of all kinds, educational, social, scientific, technological, political, etc. from the government and other entities
  • Movies and films
• Search for Literature

  The stage where the researcher devotes much of his time in looking for sources of knowledge, data, or information to answer the research questions or to support the assumptions about researcher's research topic. It is either printed or electronically.
• Writing the review

  To connect and organize the great deals of ideas to form an overall understanding of the topic by paraphrasing, summarizing, evaluating and quoting it. The researcher arrangement ideas and the structure of sentence and language must be coherent.
• Conclusion

  Presents the course of action suggested by the literature.
• Concept maps

  Can be used to extract and summarize the important points, to synthesize and organize information obtained from multiple sources. Concept mappings have been suggested as one of the tools that can help in making sense of information while conducting a literature review.
• Purposes of Citation

  • To give importance and respect to other people for what they know about the field
  • To give authority, validity, and credibility to other people's claims, conclusions, and arguments
  • To prove your broad and extensive reading of authentic and relevant materials about your topic
  • To help readers find or contact the sources of ideas easily
  • To permit readers to check the accuracy of your work
  • To save yourself from plagiarism
• Patterns of Citations

  • Summary
  • Paraphrase
  • Evaluation
  • Quotation
• Long Direct or Block Quotation

  Copied author's exact words numbering from 40 up to 100 words. Under APA, the limit is eight lines. Placed at the center of the page with no indentation, the copied lines look like they compose a stanza of a poem
• Reasons to justify the act of quoting

  • The idea is quite essential
  • The idea is refutable or arguable
  • The sentence is ambiguous or has multiple meanings
  • There's a strong possibility that questions may be raised about the citation
  • It is an excellent idea that to make it a part of your paper will bring prestige and credibility to your entire work
• Non-integral Citation

  Citing the piece of information rather than the owner of the ideas