pharmacognosy

• Minerals, Animals, Plants


  3 sources of pharmacognosy
• Iron/Ferrous Sulfate


  It is a supplement or medication for anemia
• Antacid


  It is a medication for hyperacidity) - Aluminum Hydroxide and Magnesium Hydroxide (Kremil-S)
• Insulin


  It is derived from the pancreas of pigs
• Heparin


  It is (anticoagulant) derived from the blood (Buffy coat) of cattle
• Alkaloids


  Basic nitrogenous substances that are soluble in alcohol and some other organic solvents but are insoluble in H2O.​
• White Solid

  If the molecule contains O2 alkaloid exist as ____________________
• Liquid

  If the molecule does not contains O2 alkaloid exist as _____________________
• Morphine, atropine, pilocarpine, strychnine

  Example of white solid alkaloid
• Nicotine


  Example of liquid alkaloid
• H2O, Salt


  Treatment of an alkaloid with acid will produce __________, thereby soluble ___________
• Heavy metals, Iodine, and Tannic Acid

  Alkaloids are precipitated by salts of ______________________
• This is important to avoid incompatibilities in the drug mixture for the treatment of alkaloid toxicosis.​

  Why does alkaloids are precipitated by salts?
• Tannic Acid


  This can be given orally the precipitate that alkaloid thereby reduce or prevent their absorption.​
• Glycosides


  Various sugars combine with the organic structure through an ether linkage
• Alcohol or Ether

  The link of each sugar in Glycosides is an _______________
• Glycosides


  This compound is a neutral and will not form salts​
• Glycosides


  Soluble in alcohol but not in H2O ​
• Digoxin, Ouabain, and Strophantidin

  Examples of Digitalis
• Digoxin


  It is the most commonly used digitalis in both humans and animals for heart problems
• Resins


  It is formed by polymerization of volatile oil produced by certain plants
• Resins


  It is not a drug but a component of an excipient
• Gums


  Polysaccharide secreted by certain trees
• Acacia and Tragacanth


  Examples of Gums
• Gums


  These are useful for stabilizing mixtures of other active drugs in liquid dosage form (Suspension)
• Tannis


  Non-nitrogenous substances that produce an astringent (precipitates oil) effect ​
• Volatile and Non-volatile


  2 types of oils
• Volatile


  A type of oil that is evaporated readily when exposed to air
• Non-volatile


  A type of oil that is fixed or stable and will not evaporate
• Turpentine, eucalyptus, peppermint, lavender


  Give an example of volatile oil
• Castor, linseed, cottonseed


  Give an example of non-volatile oil