III

• Inquiry


  Focusses on asking questions, seeking truth, information, and knowledge
• Research


  Focusses on finding answers through inductive and deductive method
• Researchers must share research experience with others because it opens door for collaboration, feedback, and further discovery
• Research questions/Statement of the Problem

  In presenting the SOP General Questions must be stated first, followed by the specific questions
• Qualitative research questions


  Must always be open ended to facilitate in-depth exploration of experience
• Quantitative research questions


  • Factor-isolating questions
  • Profiling questions
  • Question pertaining to Independent Variable (IV)
  • Question pertaining to Dependent Variable (DV)
  • Factor-relating question
  • Situation-relating question
  • Situation-producing question
• Factor-isolating questions


  Includes questions to describe the profile of the respondent
• Factor-relating question


  Focusses on the relationship of IV and DV (Question leading to hypothesis in non-experimental research)
• Situation-relating question


  Focusses on the effects of IV towards the DV (Question leading to hypothesis in experimental research)
• Situation-producing question


  Question leading to output
• Background of the study/introduction

  1. Must be written using the TIOC approach

  2. Trends - Discuss the rationale of the problem

  3. Issues - Discuss the research gap

  4. Objectives - Discuss the aim/purpose of the study/the proposed solution to the problem

  5. Contributions - Discuss how the study will benefit the target population/ group/community
• Conceptual Framework


  Connects the theories, assumptions, beliefs, and concepts and variables in your research and presents them in a pictorial, graphical, or narrative format
• Common diagrams used to illustrate the conceptual framework

  • IV-DV model
  • PC Model (Predictor-Criterion model)
  • Input-Process-Output model (IPO)
• Input-Process-Output model (IPO)


  • Input - The information fed into a research study
  • Process - Statistical measures of the study as to how the data are gathered, evaluated, analyzed, and interpreted
  • Output - Presents the goal of the study, the expected results and/or the status to be realized or achieved
• Research Hypothesis


  Testable statement/prediction or educated guess about the relationship between the variables that you want to investigate
• Null Hypothesis (H0)


  This can be thought of as the implied hypothesis. "Null" meaning "nothing." This hypothesis states that there is no difference between groups or no relationship between variables
• Alternative Hypothesis (Ha)


  This is also known as the claim. This hypothesis should state what you expect the data to show, based on your research on the topic. This is your answer to your research question
• Definition of Terms


  • The section of the research which includes important or key terms that should be substantially and clearly defined according to how they are used in the study
  • Conceptual definition - Usually taken from the books and dictionary. It carries a universal meaning easily understood by people
  • Operational definition - Express the meaning of the terms as used in a particular field of study
• Significance of the Study

  The part of the research paper in which the beneficiaries of the study are stated/listed. This must be written from the most benefitted to the least benefitted
• Literature Review


  A summary of the published work in a field of study. Literature for your review will typically be acquired through scholarly books, journal articles, and/or dissertations
• Wikipedia is often not considered a reliable source to cite in your academic writing
• Synthesis


  Combining the information in a meaningful way. Summarize the information, evaluate it, interpret it, and draw conclusions for the readers
• Citation


  Identifies for the reader the original source for an idea, information, or image that is referred to in a work
• Quantitative Research Designs


  • Experimental research
  • Descriptive Research
  • Correlational Research
  • Comparative Research
• Experimental research


  Concerned primarily with the cause and effect relationships in studies that involve manipulation or control of the independent variables and measurement of the dependent variables
• Descriptive Research


  Utilized for the purpose of accurately portraying a population that has been chosen because of some specific characteristics
• Correlational Research


  Examines if variables relate to each other. Quantifies the strength or relationship between the variables
• Comparative Research


  States the differences or similarities between or among people, things, objects, etc. Examine the differences between two groups on some variable
• Qualitative Research Designs


  • Narrative research
  • Phenomenological study
  • Case study research
  • Ethnography
  • Grounded theory
• Narrative research


  Records the experiences of an individual or small group into a chronological narrative
• Phenomenological study


  Describes the common meaning for several individuals of their lived experiences of a concept or a phenomenon and discusses the essence of the experiences
• Case study research


  A qualitative approach in which the investigator explores a real-life, contemporary bounded system (a case) or multiple bounded systems (cases) over time, through detailed, in-depth data collection involving multiple sources of information
• Ethnography


  A qualitative design in which the researcher describes and interprets the shared and learned patterns of values, behaviors, beliefs, and language of a culture-sharing group
• Grounded theory


  A qualitative research design in which the inquirer generates a general explanation (a theory) of a process, an action, or an interaction shaped by the views of a large number of participants
• Mixed Method Research Design

  The strategic combination of quantitative and qualitative research methods to draw on the strengths of each
• Population


  The entire group or set of individuals being studied
• Sample


  A subset or representative of the population that is used for analysis
• Slovin's formula


  Used to determine the sample size
• Probability Sampling


  • Simple Random Sampling
  • Systematic Sampling
  • Stratified Sampling
  • Cluster Sampling
• Simple Random Sampling


  Giving every unit of the population an equal chance to be included in the sample