sts

• Science


  A method of investigating nature--a way of knowing about nature--that discovers reliable knowledge about it
• Scientific thinking


  • Using the scientific method to study or investigate nature or the universe
• Critical thinking


  • The application of scientific thinking to all areas of study and topics of investigation
• Three central components of scientific and critical thinking

  • Empiricism - The use of empirical evidence
  • Rationalism - The practice of logical reasoning
  • Skepticism - Possessing a skeptical attitude
• The scientific method


  1. Ask a meaningful question or identify a significant problem

  2. Gather relevant information to attempt to answer the question or solve the problem by making observations

  3. Propose a solution or answer to the problem or question (scientific hypothesis)

  4. Test the hypothesis

  5. Construct, support, or cast doubt on a scientific theory
• Science and technology are used interchangeably
• Without science there will be no technology and vice versa
• God imparted technological ideas to man
• Science


  The description, understanding, and prediction of physical phenomena through the use and generation of verifiable theories, laws, and principles
• Technology


  The use of scientific knowledge and/or empirical know how for the production, improvement, and distribution of goods and services, as well as the satisfaction of other material needs
• Galileo Galilei


  • Analyzed and resolved scientific problems according to simple mathematical descriptions
  • Approached scientific problems on the basis of everyday experience, common sense, and logic
  • Emphasized the need to look, see, experiment, and reexperience phenomena before confirming a point of view
  • Laid a pattern for scientists who were to come after him
• Science comes from the Latin word "scientia" which means "to know"
• Science is a body of knowledge based on experimentation, research, and facts
• Four meanings of science

  • As a knowledge
  • As a field of systematic inquiry into nature
  • As a form of human cultural activity
  • As a total societal enterprise
• Attitudes and values of scientists

  • Curiosity
  • Logic and system
  • Open mindedness
  • Intellectual honesty
  • Hard work and persistent
  • Not opinionated
  • Creativity and critical thinking
• Branches of science


  • Social sciences:

  Demography

  History

  Psychology

  Abstract sciences:

  Computer science

  Geometry

  Logic

  Logistics

  Numerology

  Numismatics

  Mathematics

  Philately

  Philology

  Philosophy

  Natural sciences (physical and biological)
• Fields of Physical Sciences

  • Astronautics
  • Astronomy
  • Biochemistry
  • Chemistry
  • Cryogenics
  • Cybernetics
  • Gemology
  • Geography
  • Geology
  • Meteorology
  • Mineralogy
  • Paleontology
  • Physics
  • Radiology
  • Seismology
  • Volcanology
• Fields of Biological Sciences

  • Bacteriology
  • Biology
  • Biophysics
  • Botany
  • Cytology
  • Ecology
  • Entomology
  • Genetics
  • Gerontology
  • Ichthyology
  • Medicine
  • Microbiology
  • Molecular biology
  • Mycology
  • Nutrition
  • Oceanography
  • Opthalmology
  • Optometry
  • Ornithology
  • Orthodontics
  • Orthopedics
  • Pathology
  • Pediatrics
  • Pharmacology
  • Pharmacy
  • Physiology
  • Protozoology
  • Taxonomy
  • Virology
  • Zoology
  • Zymurgy
  • Immunology
• Ancient Greek was the first culture to undertake true scientific inquiry
• Fields of science developed by Ancient Greeks

  • Mathematics
  • Astronomy
  • Mechanics
  • Physics
  • Geology
  • Medicine
• The fourth century was rich in scientific achievement and was dominated by two greatest personalities in history: Aristotle and Plato
• Aristotle made significant and lasting contributions to nearly every aspect of human knowledge, from logic to biology
• Plato was the founder of the academy in Athens, the first institution of learning in the western world
• Major developments in the 15th century


  • Invention of typography
  • Geographic discovery
  • Printing
• The discovery of printing was so important that it is well to consider the beginning of the new period, the so-called Renaissance, which was almost exclusively Western as far as Science is concerned
• The rebirth and development of science began with the publication of books that are now considered the main monuments of modern science: On the Revolution of Heavenly Spheres by Nicolas Copernicus, In the Fabric of the Human Body by Andreas Vesalius, Principia Mathematica of Sir Isaac Newton, and Traite de la Lumiere of Christian Huygens
• Copernicus broke with the traditional belief, supported by both scientists and theologians, that the earth was the center of the universe
• The philosophical basis for the scientific revolution was expressed in the writings of Francis Bacon and Rene Descartes
• Modern physiology began in the early 1600s with the work of William Harvey, an English physician, who performed careful experiments and used simple mathematics to show how blood circulates through the human body
• Invention


  To create something that doesn't exist so far
• Inventor


  One who discovers or produces a useful object or process that did not exist before
• Foreign Inventors


  • Wright Brothers (Aeroplane)
  • Albert Einstein (Atomic Bomb)
  • Laszlo Biro (Ball-Point Pen)
  • Galileo Galilei (Clinical Thermometer)
  • Herman Hollerith (Computer)
  • Alfred Nobel (Dynamite)
  • Henry W. Seely (Electric Iron)
  • Willem Einthoven (Electrocardiograph)
  • Elisha Graves Otis (Elevator)
  • G. H. Wheeler and W. Reno (Escalator)
  • Onesiphore Pecquer (Gears)
  • Gerarld Tissain (Ice Cream)
  • Theodore H. Maimon (Laser)
  • La Charra Jansen (Microscope)
  • Henry Hertz (Radio)
  • Jacob Parkin (Refrigerator)
  • Archimedes (Screws)
  • Rene Lasnnec (Stethoscope)
  • Francis Rynd (Syringe)
• Lasers are used in industry, medicine, communication, etc.
• Microscope


  An instrument that magnifies extremely small objects so they can be easily seen
• Microscope


  • Invented in 1590 by the Dutch La Charra Jansen
  • More powerful microscope made by another Dutch, Antoine Van Leeunhook, who observed microscopic life through it
• Radio


  Radio waves discovered in 1887 by the German Henry Hertz
• Refrigerator


  Invented in 1834 by the American Jacob Parkin
• Screws


  Invented by the Greek mathematician Archimedes for a purpose other than what it is known and used for today
• Stethoscope


  Invented by the French physician Rene Lasnnec, used to hear sounds produced by various organs of the body such as the heart and lungs
• Syringe


  Invented in 1844 by the Irish physician Francis Rynd, a metal syringe was made in 1853 by the French physician Charles Pravas, and a glass syringe was produced in 1895