Topic 4

• DNA


  Longer, Lincox and sweated with histori protairs. Peakagat DNA: Sharks Ciscales and not associated with pertices. Botz conturia deoxyribose, phosphate group and phosphatesher beads with hitrayknows boses
• Locus


  Grime position in a chromosome
• Genetic Code


  TAT or TAC. Depenicate: same omin olids are radul for more then onc DNA teht. Non - cracchipping = Each box is a gare is only port of one triplet. buses that rodes for ene amino acid. (ondes a discect unit). Intrans Sections of DNA that don't cools for polypeptides. (found in eukaryotic DNA and not in Prakaryotic DNA). Exans : Sequence of DNA that races for Amino Acids. Start/splodens bases on MRNA that code for a specific Amino Acid
• Organism


  Complete set of genes in a call (mever of changes). Proteome = Full rueye of prokies that a call con produce (changes).
• Transcription


  DNA helix unwinds to expose buses to act as a template. Unzippy of DNA steveel is due to DNA helieuse. Break by dagan bonds. MRNA nucktales in the buckus elight apposite exposed complementury. RNA polymerase joins together RNA Buchalicks to create new RNA polymer chain. One entire gere is copied. MRNA is modified and haves though neckar onvalope peres to cytophan
• Translation


  MRNA leve muchous it attaches to ribosume othuching it sturt calun don plus. TRNA with complexentury anticuation digon opposit MANA start fuckin in. Ribosome will move along are radon on MRNA to enable another TANA to attach to the next codon on the MENA. TRNA deliver mine erids that joined with peptide bonds. Cotolysed by enzymes and requires ATP. Continues up to stop codon at the end of MRNA molinder. Polypeptide chain is created and cater golge booky fue mutation
• Mutations more likely to accur if exposed like hope every radiation (UV light) ionising Indian (gemon says) and chemieds (muslad)
• Genetic code


  Degemeente in working may not import base codors and amino acid seqnaces
• Chromasam mudotions


  Occurs in non- disjunctions. Non-dispractice is when chromosomes or chrumdids do not split equally in anophose
• Polyploidy


  Churges in whole set of chromosomes occurs when organisms have I or more sets of chromosumes then the used by Kehrematids they fails to separate equally landing to a diplaid call rather than 2 haploid cells
• Ancaplaidy


  Change in number of individual chromosomes gurmat will heat one or less chromosomes
• Crossing over


  Chrometals from 2 chromosomes twist, putting tension cousing becaking and recombining with another chromulid resulting in have allele combination
• Independent Segregation


  Random combination of paternal and motional chromosomes to coch doughter calle
• Meiosis


  Two nuclws divisions, haploid cells and introduers genetic wariation. Diploid (on) call divide to haploid (n)
• Mitosis


  One mucher division; Diploid calls excuting identical calls
• Genetic Diversity


  Number of alleles of genes in a population
• Natural Selection


  Process that leads to evolution, Change in gene becquincy in a population over mony generations. New ollaks for a game are created by condom mutations. Now alleles incrouse the chances of the individual to survive and reproduct. Reproduction pass advantageous allies to next generation. Allik increase in frequency in the population over time.
• Types of Selection


  • Diridianal Silution - One of the extremes have selective advantage. Stabolising selection - Model trait has a selective advantage, occurs when there is no change in envirement, standard deviation decrouse as extreme fraid individucts deescouse.
• Species


  Two organisms belong to some species of they are able to proders offspring
• Courtship Behavior


  Actions unique to specse to whatify kombers, mostly done by males being sequence of moves sounds, coloured bathies and fighing. Females observe and decide if they want the mate with make.
• Phylogenetic Taxonomy


  To rendition species into groups excording to origin and relationship - Tells species that one closely clochet (like family)
• Taxonomic Hierarchy


  • Kingdom
  • Class
  • Order
  • Family
  • Genus
  • Species
• Species Diversity


  Number of different species individuals within each species in rumoursty
• Genetic Diversity


  Variety of games amoungst buy all individuals in u population if one specisse
• Ecosystem Diversity


  Range of different habitats
• Species Richness


  Number of different species in 9 Community
• Biodiversity


  Range of habituds
• Decrease in diversity is caused by human Activity
• Farming techniques reduce diversity
• Simpson's Diversity Index


  N=Total number of organisms of all species. D= N(N-1) / Σn(n-1) where n is the total number of organisms of a particular species. (1 = Lowest value for D, the larger the volve the grouter the Diversity)
• Investigating Diversity


  • Frequency of observable chorederistics
  • Base Sequence of DNA+MANA
  • Amino Arid sequenes in Proteins
• Eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells have similarities and differences in their DNA
• Similarities in DNA


  DNA is made up of DNA nucleotides containing deoxyribose, a phosphate group, and a nitrogenous base

  Nucleotides are joined by phosphodiester bonds to form a polymer chain
• Differences in DNA


  • Eukaryotic DNA is longer

  Eukaryotic DNA is linear, forming chromosomes

  Eukaryotic DNA is associated with histones, prokaryotic DNA is not
• Mitochondrial and chloroplast DNA have similarities to prokaryotic DNA
• Similarities of mitochondrial/chloroplast DNA to prokaryotic DNA

  • Short sequences

  Circular

  Not wrapped around histones
• Gene


  A sequence of DNA that codes for a particular polypeptide or functional RNA
• Locus


  The exact position of a gene on a chromosome
• Genetic code


  • Degenerate (more than one triplet codes for the same amino acid)

  Universal (same triplet codes for same amino acid in all organisms)

  Non-overlapping (each base is only involved in one triplet)
• Introns


  DNA sequences that do not code for polypeptides