Gen bio 2

• Genetic Engineering


  Manipulation of organisms' genes using biotechnology techniques
• Genetics


  Study of passing traits from parents to offspring using DNA
• DNA


  Contains biological instructions making each species unique
• Transmission


  Passed from adult organisms to offspring during reproduction
• Recombinant DNA Technology


  Joining a piece of DNA from one organism into another's DNA
• Recombinant DNA Technology


  1. Direct manipulation of genes, heritable and oxiberitabile recombinant DNA constructs

  2. Gene cloning using bacterial plasmid as a vector

  3. Chemical splicing of DNA strands using bacteria or bacteriophages

  4. Isolation, cutting, ligation, transformation, and expression
• Pros of Genetic Engineering

  • New medicines
  • Gene editing and therapy
  • GMO cloning
  • DNA profiling
• Cons of Genetic Engineering

  • Designer babies
  • Population control
  • Playing God
  • Privacy
• Recombinant DNA technology involves using enzymes and various laboratory techniques to manipulate and isolate DNA segments of interest
• Applications of Genetic Engineering

  • Medicine: Mass-produce drugs and substances
  • Industrial: Generate industrial chemicals
  • Agriculture: Alter genotype of crop plants
  • Energy: Bioengineering energy crops or biofuels
• There are benefits and risks associated with genetically modified organisms
• The Earth was born approximately 4.6 billion years ago
• Life first appeared about 4 billion years ago
• Humans appeared in the last minute of Earth's history
• Fossils


  Preserved remains or traces of past organisms
• Relative Dating


  Determines which fossil is older or younger based on rock layers
• Absolute Dating


  Determines the approximate age of fossils in years
• Geological Time Scale


  Helps trace the formation of fossils and evolution of organisms
• Divisions of Geological Time Scale

  • Eons
  • Eras
  • Periods
  • Epochs
• Eons


  • Precambrian (4.5 billion years, 88% of Earth's history)
• Eras


  • Paleozoic
  • Mesozoic
  • Cenozoic
• Periods in Paleozoic Era

  • Cambrian
  • Ordovician
  • Silurian
  • Devonian
  • Carboniferous
  • Permian
• Periods in Mesozoic Era


  • Triassic
  • Jurassic
  • Cretaceous
• Periods in Cenozoic Era

  • Tertiary
  • Quaternary
• Epochs are the smallest division of the geologic time scale
• Evolution


  A population changes in genetic makeup over generations
• Mutation


  Change in the nucleotide sequence of an organism's DNA or RNA of a virus
• Natural Selection


  Preferential survival and reproduction of individuals with certain genotypes
• Gene Pool


  All copies of genes in a population
• Allele Frequency


  How common an allele is in a population
• Genetic Drift


  Change in allele frequency due to chance
• Microevolution


  Change in gene variants frequency in a population over a short period
• Gene Flow (Migration)


  Transfer of alleles from one population to another
• Causes of Microevolution


  • Genetic drift
  • Mutation
  • Natural selection
  • Random mating
  • Migration
• Bottleneck Effect


  Example of Genetic Drift
• Founder Effect


  Example of Genetic Drift
• Genetic variation is fundamental for evolution to occur
• Allele


  Alternative forms of a gene
• Genotype


  Complete set of genetic material of an organism
• Phenotype


  Observable characteristics