factors economic and political globalisation.

• Role of institutions

  • Economic Globalisation is driven by institutions like the IMF, WTO, and World Bank, which promote liberal economic policies.➤ Example: IMF structural adjustment programmes liberalised economies across Africa and Latin America.
  • Political Globalisation is driven by IGOs like the UN and regional blocs like the EU, which promote cooperation and governance.➤ Example: The UN Security Council facilitates multilateral responses to conflicts, e.g., peacekeeping in Mali.
• Technological change

  • Economic Globalisation is fuelled by advances in transport and communication that allow cheap, fast global trade and outsourcing.➤ Example: The rise of container shipping and digital platforms like Alibaba drives e-commerce growth worldwide.
  • Political Globalisation benefits from instant communication and digital diplomacy, enabling fast responses and global awareness.➤ Example: Social media helps mobilise global responses to crises (e.g., global solidarity during the Arab Spring).
• Role of non-state actors

  • Economic Globalisation is accelerated by MNCs and financial markets seeking profit across borders.➤ Example: Apple’s global production chain spans multiple continents.
  • Political Globalisation is shaped by NGOs and advocacy groups that pressure governments and international bodies.➤ Example: Amnesty International lobbies the UN and national governments on human rights compliance.