Nationalism in India

• Mahatma Gandhi


  An Indian lawyer and political activist. Employed the non-violent resistance to India's independence.
• General Dyer


  He opened fire at unarmed people in Jallianwala Bagh, Amritsar in 1919.
• Muhammad Ali and Shaukat Ali


  Indian Muslim leaders (bothers) of the Khilafat Movement.
• Baba Ram Chandra


  A sanyasi who had earlier been to Fiji as an indentured labourer.
• Alluri Sitarama Raju


  A Telugu Indian revolutionary who led the Rampa Rebellion of 1922-24.
• C. R. Das


  Founder-leader of the Swaraj Party of Bengal
• Motilal Nehru


  An Indian lawyer and politician belonging to the Indian National Congress. Father of Jawaharlal Nehru.
• Subhash Chandra Bose


  President of INC for 1938 -39. He revived the Indian National Army, popularly known as "Azad Hind Fauj".
• Sir John Simon


  Formed the Indian Statutory Commission also known as the Simon Commission.
• Jawaharlal Nehru


  Political activist and the first Prime Minister of independent India.
• Viceroy Irwin


  Governor General and Viceroy of India from 1926 to 1931.
• Abdul Ghaffar Khan

  A devout disciple of Mahatma Gandhi.
• Bhagat Singh


  Revolutionary activist who was involved in the murder of British Police Officer John Saunders. He also threw a bomb in the Central Legislative Assembly.
• Batukeshwar Dutt


  He along with Bhagat Singh exploded a bomb in the Central Legislative Assembly, New Delhi on 8th April 1929.
• Purshottamdas Thakurdas and G. D. Birla


  Renowned industrialists.
• Muhammad Ali Jinnah


  He served the leader of the All-India Muslim League. He was the founder of Pakistan.
• M. R. Jayakar


  Federal Court Judge and member of the Bombay Legislature Assembly.
• Sir Muhammad Iqbal


  President of the Muslim League in 1930. He is also known as the "Spiritual Father of Pakistan".
• Bankim Chandra Chattopadhyay


  He composed "Vande Mataram".
• Abanindranath Tagore


  Painted the famous image of Bharat Mata. He was the creator of the "Indian Society of Oriental Art".
• Rabindranath Tagore


  He was a Bengali poet who was popularly known as Gurudev.
• Natesa Sastri


  Published a massive collection of Tamil folk tales, "The Folklore of Southern India".
• The First World War's Impact on India

  Increase in food grains prices

  Heavy taxes and rents levied
• Social conditions after the war

  Acute shortage of food, spread of Spanish influenza
• Return of Mahatma Gandhi and his idea of Satyagraha

  In 1915, Mahatma Gandhi return to India after about 25 years in South Africa.

  During his stay in South Africa, he had agitated for Indians.

  He had based his fight of justice on Satyagraha and Non-violence.
• Place where Mahatma Gandhi launched his initial satyagraha

  Champaran in Bihar

  Kheda in Gujarat

  Ahmedabad in Gujarat
• The Rowlatt Act

  It was passed in 1919.

  It gave the government vast power to repress political activities.
• Jallianwala Bagh Massacre

  It took place on 13th April 1919.

  To protest against the arrest of Satyapal and Saifuddin Kitchlew, a large crowd had gathered in Jallianwala Bagh.

  General Dyer ordered the police to attack the mob.
• Non-Cooperation Movement

  Announced in the Calcutta Session of the Congress in September 1920.

  Launched in the same year by Mahatma Gandhi

  In February 1922 Non-cooperation movement called off due to violence in Chauri-Chaura.
• Towards Civil Disobedience

  Formation of the Simon Commission was the catalyst

  Demand for Purna Swaraj which translates to "complete self-rule" or "total independence" in English.

  The Salt March followed by Civil Disobedience Movement
• • Q: What did satyagraha entail according to Mahatma Gandhi in Source A?
  • A: Satyagraha was a non-violent force, a method of mass agitation that emphasized the power of truth and the need to search for truth.
• Q: What action did Mahatma Gandhi plan against the unjust Rowlatt Act?

  A: Mahatma Gandhi planned non-violent civil disobedience against the Rowlatt Act, starting with a hartal on 6 April.
• • Q: What was the purpose of Gandhi's visit to Champaran in Bihar in 1917?
  • A: To inspire the peasants to struggle against the oppressive plantation system.
• • Q: Why did Mahatma Gandhi organize a satyagraha among cotton mill workers in Ahmedabad in 1918?
  • A: To organize a movement against the mill owners who refused to grant a wage increase.
• • Q: What did Mahatma Gandhi mean when he said satyagraha is active resistance?
  • A: He meant that satyagraha is a powerful, active force, not passive resistance; it is informed with knowledge, burns the flame of love, and is the supreme dharma.
• • Q: What was the Khilafat non-cooperation movement?
  • A: It was a movement started by Muslims in India to defend the Khilafat of Ottoman Turkey and worked in cooperation with the Non-Cooperation Movement against British rule.
• • Q: What happened on 10 April in Amritsar during the protests against the Rowlatt Act?
  • A: In Amritsar, the British authorities fired upon a peaceful procession, which led to widespread attacks on banks, post offices, and railway stations.
• • Q: Why were many within the Congress reluctant to boycott the council elections scheduled for November 1920?
  • A: They were concerned that the movement might lead to popular violence.
• • Q: What role did Mahatma Gandhi and Shaukat Ali play in the summer of 1920?
  • A: Mahatma Gandhi and Shaukat Ali toured extensively, mobilising popular support for the non-cooperation movement.
• • Q: Define "Boycott."
  • A: Boycott – The refusal to deal and associate with people, or participate in activities, or buy and use things; usually a form of protest.