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• Persuasive writing


  Using language skills to convince someone to agree with your opinion or take a specific action
• Persuasive writing techniques


  • Emotional Appeals
  • Catchy Slogans
  • Celebrity Endorsements
  • Persuasive language
• Logos


  Appeals to logic and reasoning
• Pathos


  Appeals to emotions
• Ethos


  Appeals to credibility
• Logos


  • Encourages people to think rationally and use their logic
  • Strengthens an argument by using factual information/evidence
  • Provide numerical data and statistics
• Pathos


  • Makes the audience feel specific emotions, typically fear, sadness, sympathy, happiness and anger
  • Use relatable stories
• Ethos


  • Builds trust and respect between the writer and audience
  • Strengthens the argument by building credibility
  • Demonstrate expertise
• The most effective persuasive writing uses a mix of these appeals, depending on your audience and goal.
• We need to use persuasive writing techniques to convince someone to agree with our opinion or take a specific action.
• Evolution


  Change in a population of organisms over time
• Theory of evolution


  • All species are related and gradually changed over time
• The Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection


  Book by Charles Darwin containing the idea that early apes are the ancestors of humans
• Proponents of evolution theories

  • Jean-Baptiste Lamarck
  • Charles Darwin
• Lamarck's theory of evolution

  1. Theory of Need

  2. Theory of Use and Disuse

  3. Theory of Acquired Characteristics
• Darwin's Theory of Natural Selection

  All species of organisms arise and develop through the natural selection of small, inherited variations that increase the individual's ability to compete, survive, and reproduce
• Other factors that can lead to evolution

  • Genetic drift
  • Mutation
  • Gene Flow
  • Sexual Selection
• Genetic drift


  Change in allele frequencies over time due to chance (sampling error)
• Mutation


  Error in copying the DNA
• Gene Flow


  When a certain organism joins a new population and reproduces, their alleles become part of their population's gene pool
• Sexual Selection


  Unique trait of many animals that improves mating success for evolution
• Evidence of evolution


  • Anatomy and embryology
  • Homologous features
  • Analogous structures
• Homologous features


  Physical features shared due to evolutionary history (a common ancestor)
• Analogous structures


  Structures of unrelated species that have evolved to look alike due to similar function but different origin
• Biodiversity


  Extraordinary variety of life on Earth — from genes and species to ecosystems and the valuable functions they perform
• Levels of biodiversity


  • Species
  • Genetic
  • Ecosystem
• Species


  Group of organisms with unique characteristics
• Genetic diversity


  Variety of genes within a species
• Ecosystem diversity


  Variety of ecosystems in a given place
• Carrying capacity


  A species' average population size in a particular habitat, limited by environmental factors
• Extinction


  Dying out or extermination of a species
• Types of extinction


  • Mass extinction
  • Background extinction
  • Human-led extinction
• Mass extinctions


  Occur quickly and wipe out large amounts of species at a time
• Background extinctions


  Natural evolution and elimination process of species, considered the natural extinction rate
• Human-led extinction


  Humans drive climatic changes which affect other species