Wnglis

• At the end of this lesson, you will be able to:
• Logical fallacies are errors in reasoning that weaken arguments
• Public speakers who resort to logical fallacies sound dishonest and less credible
• Knowing how to recognize logical fallacies may help avoid them in your speech
• Begging the Question


  Assuming something is true although it has not yet been proven
• Begging the Question


  • Manny Pacquiao is the greatest Filipino athlete because he is an eight-time world champion
  • Everyone wants that toy because it is summertime's hottest toy
• Hasty Generalization


  Making an assumption based solely on an insufficient number of samples
• Hasty Generalization


  • Three students from section X were caught cheating. Hence, students from section X are cheaters
  • The results of the study revealed that 30 out of the 50 students in school A in Quezon City were highly proficient in grammar. This means that the majority of the students in Quezon City are highly proficient in grammar
• Post Hoc Ergo Propter Hoc

  Assuming that two things have a cause-and-effect relationship because one thing happened before another
• Post Hoc Ergo Propter Hoc

  • Miko joined the team last year. Since then, we have won most of our games
  • Chinny accidentally broke the antique jar in our garden, and that has brought us bad luck ever since
• False Dilemma


  Constructing an either-or situation when there are other options
• False Dilemma


  • Our country is facing an economic crisis. We either vote for that candidate or our economy will worsen
  • Martial Law must be declared or we will never be able to stop terrorism
• Ad Hominem


  Countering an argument through a personal attack or name-calling
• Ad Hominem


  • We should never vote for that presidential candidate because he is an actor. An actor can never be a good president
  • John is kind, generous, and gentle. However, he comes from a broken family. He may not be a good father in the future
• Appeal to Authority


  Perceiving an argument to be true just because it is endorsed by a famous or influential personality
• Appeal to Authority


  • I saw a shampoo commercial of my favorite actress on TV. That shampoo must be good
  • My English teacher who holds a doctorate degree in education told us that death penalty can prevent crime. Hence, death penalty can effectively deter people from committing crimes
• Slippery Slope


  Assuming that one event leads to a terrible consequence
• Slippery Slope


  • If we teach high school students how to become responsible parents, their curiosity may be triggered and they may end up getting married at a very early age
  • Allowing actors and actresses to enter politics will turn our country into a roller coaster ride. This is the end of our nation
• Appeal to Ignorance


  Assuming that a conclusion is true just because it has never been proven wrong
• Appeal to Ignorance


  • Aliens exist because scientists have never proven otherwise
  • The concept of reincarnation is true. Nobody has ever came back from death to tell us that it does not exist