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DEVC SERIES
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Scientific methods:
observing
hypothesizing
inferring
interpreting
Ancient science
cosmo-centric
logocentric
what are the fundamental stuff that makes up the universe
Medieval science
dark days of philosophy (theology or philosophy?)
theocentric
God created everything
Post-Modern science
Heidegger-
language is the house of being
pluralistc age
Science
is the systematic pursuit of reliable knowledge about natural phenomena and the social world
Science
is organized and dependable
Technology
is the collection of knowledge is distinguished from its application to the solution of practical knowledge
Technology
is the art of knowing how
Science
is the art of knowing
six ways of knowing and their limitations
tradition
or
tenacity
intuition
authority
rationalism
empiricism
science
Science is a social process in two respects:
(a) the fruits of scientific research affect
social life
profoundly in
modern societies
(b) the process of conducting scientific research is a
collective
(not solitary)
pursuit.
Tradition or Tenacity
relies on what has been established or claimed before (time-tested results)
tradition or tenacity
methods are based on practical life experiences
tradition or tenacity
undermines the fact that situations may change and there are different solutions to each particular phenomenon
established truth only applies for a particular phenomenon
intuition
derives truth simply through introspection and immediate awareness
intuition
the brain draws on principles
intuition
beginning of knowledge
claim of truth lacks proof
principles
past experiences and external cues to draw conclusions
authority
assumes that whatever the expert on the specific discipline says is true is the truth
rationalism
based on reason and common sense
what is logical must be true
what at first may seem logical may turn out to be merely a social/cultural convention
empiricism
also uses reason and common sense, but also adds evidence that can be systematically observed through the senses
not all phenomena can be observed
science/scientific method
combines the use of reason, logic and empirical evidence in a systematic manner to draw out a conclusion
static science
discover new facts, contributes to systemized information
dynamic science
problem solving
steps of the scientific method:
Observe a phenomenon
Ask questions about the observation and gather information
Form a hypothesis
Test the hypothesis in an experiment that can be repeated
Analyze the data and draw conclusions: accept, reject or modify the hypothesis accordingly.
reproduce the experiment until there are no discrepancies.
Characteristics of science:
empirical
Operational
Propositional
Problem solving
Public
Tends toward a closure but open ended
Ongoing
scientific rules ensure:
reliability
repeatability
testability
objectivity of results
True science
:
Focuses on the natural world
True science
:
Aims to explain the natural world
True science
:
Uses testable ideas
true science
:
Relies on evidence
true science
Involves the scientific community
true science:
Benefits from scientific behavior
Scientific knowledge is
dynamic
and
ever-changing
Science
is
not
a solitary pursuit
francis bacon
father of the scientific method
francis bacon
employed the practical applications of science and the practical methods of acquiring scientific knowledge
nicolaus copernicus
popularized heliocentrism through his works
nicolaus copernicus
wrote de revolutionibus orbium coelestium
de revolutioibus orbium coelestium
(on the revolutions of the celestial spheres)
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