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• What is Aquinas' 5th way focused on?

  The teleological (design) argument
• What did Aquinas observe about natural objects?

  They do not behave randomly but have purpose
• How do flowers demonstrate goal-directed behavior?

  They move in alignment with the sun
• What does Aquinas mean by 'telos'?

  It refers to an end or purpose
• Why can't non-intelligent beings direct themselves towards their end?

  They lack intelligence to do so
• How does Aquinas illustrate his point about direction towards an end?

  By comparing it to an archer directing an arrow
• What does God do according to Aquinas' argument?

  Directs the behavior of objects through natural laws
• What is Paley's design qua Purpose argument about?

  Complexity and purpose in nature suggest a designer
• How does Paley use a watch to illustrate his argument?

  A watch's complexity indicates a watchmaker
• What does Paley argue about the human eye?

  It is complex and serves the purpose of seeing
• What does Paley claim about manifestations of design?

  They exist in both watches and nature
• What is a crucial strength of design arguments?

  Their use of analogy to explain complexity
• How does analogy function in scientific inference?

  It helps explain unobservable causes through similar effects
• What is Hume's objection to analogy in design arguments?

  Similarity of effects does not imply similar causes
• What does Hume suggest about the universe's origin?

  It may be radically different from man-made objects
• How does Hume differentiate between artifacts and natural objects?

  Artifacts are mechanical, while nature is organic
• How do modern philosophers interpret Paley's argument?

  As not based solely on analogy
• What does Aquinas' natural theology demonstrate?

  Coherence of faith and observation
• What is Hume's 'committee of Gods' objection?

  Multiple designers could exist, not just one God
• What does Swinburne argue about Hume's points?

  They cannot prove the designer's attributes
• What is a weakness of the design argument according to critics?

  It provides low support for specific faith
• What is Hume's evidential problem of evil?

  It questions belief in a perfect God due to evil
• How does Darwin's view relate to the design argument?

  Evolution suggests imperfections in design
• What does Hume argue about evidence and belief?

  We should only believe what evidence suggests
• How does Paley respond to the problem of evil?

  A broken watch still implies a watchmaker
• What contemporary evidence supports Hume and Darwin's points?

  Evolution shows suffering and extinction
• What is a strength of the design argument regarding purpose?

  It accounts for purpose in nature
• How does Darwin's theory challenge the design argument?

  It explains order without implying purpose
• What does the evidence of suffering and extinction suggest about the existence of a perfect God?

  It suggests there is no perfect God.
• What sarcastic remark did Darwin make regarding design?

  “Some design, huh?”
• What is a strength of the design argument?

  It relies on purpose, hard to explain scientifically.
• Who noted that complexity could result from chance?

  Paley
• How does Aquinas’ design argument relate to purpose?

  It also relies on purpose in entities' actions.
• What did Darwin's theory of evolution demonstrate about order in nature?

  It can be explained by natural scientific means.
• What does Paley argue about complexity serving a purpose?

  It is unlikely to arise by chance, suggesting design.
• What does evolution show regarding complexity and design?

  Complexity can arise without a designer.
• What is the title of Richard Dawkins' book criticizing the design argument?

  “The Blind Watchmaker”
• What does Dawkins mean by a "blind" watchmaker?

  Mechanical forces of nature create order.
• How does modern science explain what Aquinas and Paley called purpose?

  As results of blind evolution.
• What are the two main arguments made by F. R. Tennant regarding design?

  They show God must exist for evolution.