conclusions

• what did the findings indicate?

  form of question (this case the change in single word) can markedly & systematically affect witnesses answer to question
• what were the 2 suggested explanations for participants answers?

  response-bias factors

  the memory representation is altered
• what is response bias factors in this case?

  different speed estimates occur because the critical word (e.g. smashed, hit) influences or biases person's response
• what is the memory representation is altered in this case?

  critical word changes person's memory so perception of accident is affected
• what would some critical words lead to?

  someone to have perception of accident having been more serious