exam

• Age of fishes- Paleozeoic era in Devonian period
• 8 levels of classification- species, genus, family, order, class, phylum, kingdom, domain.
• Age of mammals- Phanerozoic eon in Cenozoic era
• Agrobacterium tumefaciens has a tumor-inducing (ti) plasmid that causes crown gall disease in plants.
• All living things on earth- shares a single common ancestor.
• Animalia kingdom
• Artificial selection humans can select the variations called selective breeding
• Bacillus thuringiensis inserted to produce Bt corn that can eliminates corn borers
• Binomial nomenclature two-word naming system used to name a species
• Cladistics - an analytical method of refining the evolutionary classification of organisms. identifying shared derived characteristics that are traits that evolved in only one species
• Cladogram - a diagram that represents the evolutionary relationships among organisms
• Difference between a phylogenic tree and a cladogram - A phylogenetic tree shows the evolutionary history of an organism, but a cladogram does not and do not show evolutionary distance.
• DNA of whale and hippopotamus - whales share a DNA sequence found only in one other animal
• Darwin's theory of evolution by natural selection as a coherent explanation for the form and distribution od species in different locations
• Evidence of evolution: Comparative Anatomy, Homologous Structure, Embryology, Fossil Record, DNA/Protein Sequences
• Gradualism changes occur slowly and constantly overtime.
• Eukarya - a domain or a large taxonomy group that is made up of organisms that contain a nucleus within their cells
• Father of Taxonomy Carl Linneus
• Founder effect there is a loss of genetic variation because of the migration.
• Helicase separate double-stranded DNA into single strand to be copied.
• Evolution “It is a change over time, is the process of how present-day organisms have descended from ancient ones.”
• Lower Cretaceus, peak of the domination of dinosaur, existence of the earliest-known Butterflies, earliest-known snakes, ants, and bees
• Homologous - different functions among these animals, they are all constructed from the same basic features
• Making a cladogram ● Sequentially order organisms according to shared characteristics to construct a cladogram
• Microinjection - host cell is immobilized by applying a mild suction with a blunt pipette.
• Mutation change in the structure of a gene caused by alterations in the DNA sequence of an organism
• Natural selection - characteristics and adaptations that allow them to survive in their habitats –SURVIVAL OF THE FITTEST
• Organisms in Age of Ancient Life - Proterozoic Era, prokaryotic organisms began to appear
• Phylogenic tree represents the evolutionary relationships among sets or groups of organisms, called taxa
• Phylogeny - the natural system of classification based on the evolutionary history or genealogy shared by a group of organisms
• Order of appearance in the fossil record if all things on Earth are related fishes, amphibians, reptiles, and mammals
• Population bottleneck sudden sharp decline in the population.
• Plasmid a small, circular DNA molecule which is naturally found in bacteria.
• Prokaryote - classification (i.e., the arrangement of organisms into groups or taxa), nomenclature, and identification.
• Proofs that the the fossil of Miacetus Inus is strongly believed to be a walking whale and the ancestor of whales today

  • found among fossils of sea-creatures

  • short legs combined with long flat fingers and toes

  • match the teeth and middle ear bones of basilosaurid whale
• Pseudomonas fluorescens ability to produce proteins rapidly
• Protoplast fusion two distinct species of plants are fused together to form a new hybrid plant with the characteristics of both, a somatic hybrid.
• Pseudomonas syriangae prevent frost crystals from forming on plants
• Recombination rearrangement of genes occurs during the crossing over stage in meiosis.
• Relatedness between a whale and a hippopotamus double pulley ankle, give birth and nurse underwater, multi chambered stomachs, internal testicles