Amina

• Amina was a Hausa warrior queen of Zazzau (now Zaria), in present-day Nigeria.
• Amina was the daughter of Zain al-Din Ali, who served as governor of Aleppo under the Mamluk Sultanate.
• Giant covalent substances


  Substances containing millions of covalent bonds
• Giant covalent substances are always solids at room temperature
• Diamond


  • Formed from the element carbon
  • Each carbon atom forms 4 covalent bonds to other carbon atoms
• Diamond has a very high melting point (over 3,700 °C)
• Diamond cannot conduct electricity
• Silicon dioxide (silica)


  • Contains silicon and oxygen atoms covalently bonded together
• Silicon dioxide also has a very high melting and boiling point
• High melting and boiling points of giant covalent substances

  Due to the need to break many strong covalent bonds
• The Vision workbook contains plenty of questions on this topic