G10 BIOLOGY

• Sex Education

  Education about our reproductive health and addresses a broad variety of topics
• Gender

  • Social and cultural construct of our perception of one’s identity, which may or may not change
• Sex

  • Biological characteristics given at birth
• Sex

  • Biological characteristics given at birth
• Reproductive System

  • Consists of primary and secondary sex organs and sex glands
  • Functions to sustain a species through reproduction
• gametes

  • Sex cells or reproductive cells
  • Each gamete only contains 23 chromosomes
• Gonads

  • Sex organs
  • Organs that produce sex cells and secretes hormones 

  Female: ovaries

  Male: testes
• Zygote

  • Fertilized egg cell
• Pituitary Gland

  • Master gland that controls most of the endocrine glands, including the gonads of both reproductive systems
• Viviparous

  • Giving birth to the young that has developed inside the body 
• Oviparous

  Producing young using eggs which are  hatched in the body
• Reproduction

  • Biological process by which offspring are produced from their parent(s)
•  Asexual Reproduction

  • Reproducing with one parent organism
  • No mixing of genetic materials
•  Sexual Reproduction

  • The union of haploid gametes to form a diploid zygote

        Advantages:
• Copulation

  • Sexual intercourse resulting in the fertilization of the egg cell 
• fertilization

  • Joining of the sperm and egg cell
  • Egg (23 chromosomes) + sperm (23 chromosomes) = zygote (46 chromosomes)
• Urology

  • Study of the urinary and male reproductive system
• Gynecology

  • Study of the female reproductive system
• Sperm 

  • Male gamete
  • Lifespan can last around 72 hours
• Sperm Morphology

  • Head (contains DNA and the acrosome with enzymes to penetrate the egg)
  • Midpiece (contains the mitochondria to form ATP for energy)
  • Tail (flagellum used for locomotion)
• statistics

  • 200 - 500 million sperm in a single ejaculation
  • 1 billion sperms per month
  • 525 billion sperm during a whole lifetime
• Scrotum

  • Sac of loose skin, fascia, and smooth muscle divided into two pouches by a septum
  • Contains connective tissues and a layer of smooth muscle called dartos
  • Protects the testes
• Dartos

  • Involuntarily regulates the temperature of the testes
  • Optimal temperature for sperm survival is 2-30C below average body temperature, which means ~340C is the optimal temperature
• Testes

  • Paired oval-shaped glands measuring 1-2 inches
• Exocrine (duct) function : produce sperms

  Endocrine (ductless) function : secrete hormones, mainly testosterone
• Seminiferous Tubules

  • Curled-up tubules where spermatogenesis occurs
• Spermatogenic cells

  • Creates spermatocytes (baby sperms)  by going through two meiotic divisions
• sertoli cells 

  • Supporting cells (supports developing sperm cells
• Spermatogenesis

  • The production of sperm cells
• Epididymis

  • Located in the scrotum, specifically along the posterior side of each testis
• Ductus (Vas) Deferens

  • Passes upwards from the epididymis going to the urethra and penis
  • Last passageway for the sperm
• Ejaculatory Duct

  • Gives pressure to release seminal fluid 
• Urethra

  • Urinary bladder to the penis
• Penis

  • Copulatory organ for the transfer of sperm to the female, NOT for reproduction
• Main Parts of the Penis

  • Glans (distal end/head of the penis)
  • Foreskin/Prepuce (cover of the Glans)
• Erection

  • A reflex act of vasodilation (dilation of the blood vessels) that makes the sponge-like tissues in the penis harden
• Circumcision

  • Removal of the prepuce/foreskin for hygiene or religious purposes
• Semen

  • Mixture of sperms and seminal fluid
• Seminal Vesicles

  • Creates a yellow, sticky fluid which helps for sperm movement
• Prostate Glands

  • Secretes 30% of seminal fluid
  • Creates a slightly acidic, milky seminal fluid with an antibiotic to kill bacteria