MOTIVATION & EMOTION

• Physiological needs


  • Thirst
  • Hunger
  • Sex
• Physiological needs


  • Inherent within the workings of biological systems
• Psychological needs


  • Autonomy
  • Competence
  • Relatedness
• Social needs/implicit motives


  • Achievement
  • Affiliation
  • Intimacy
  • Power
• Thirst


  The consciously experienced motivational state that readies the person to perform behaviors necessary to replenish a water deficit
• Sexual motivation


  Rises and falls in response to a host of factors, including hormones, external stimulation, external cues (facial metrics), cognitive scripts, sexual schemas, and evolutionary process
• Hunger and eating


  Involve a complex regulatory system of both short-term (glucostatic hypothesis) & long-term (lipostatic hypothesis, including set-point theory) regulation
• Regulation of eating behavior

  1. Physiological factors

  2. Psychological factors

  3. Social factors

  4. Food characteristics
• Homeostatic mechanism


  • Interrelationships between the seven core processes that constitute the fundamentals of regulation—(e.g., physiological need, psychological drive, homeostasis, negative feedback, multiple inputs/multiple outputs, intra-organismic mechanisms, and extra-organismic mechanisms)
• Glucostatic hypothesis


  Short term model in which immediate available energy (blood glucose) is constantly monitored. Regulates initiation, termination, and size of meals.
• Lipostatic hypothesis


  Long-term energy balance model related to enduring factors (genetics, metabolic rates). Stored energy (fat mass) is available and used as a resource to supplement glucose-monitored energy regulation.
• Set-point theory


  Each individual has a biologically determined body weight or "fat thermostat" that is set by genetics either at birth or shortly thereafter.
• Extraorganismic mechanisms


  • Environmental
  • Social
  • Cultural
  • Psychological aspects of food preferences
• Physiological regulation: to eat when hungry and stop eating when satiety. ="I will eat when hungry". The body defends its weight.
• Social regulation: group pressure can become an even more potent eating signal than one´s physiology. = "You are eating, so I have to eat"
• Cognitive regulation: By dieting or fasting one brings eating behavior under cognitive control = "I will eat this much at this time". But cognitive control do not feature a negative feedback system.
• Emotional regulation: Conditions that threaten one´s ego, anxiety, depression, alcohol.
• Dieting paradoxically causes subsequent bingeing. > Susceptibility to disinhibition ("restraint release"), especially under conditions of anxiety, stress, alcohol, depression, or exposure to high-calorie foods.
• Self-regulation of physiological needs

  Mental states regulate physiological need
• Self-regulation can fail: Biological urges can be powerful, Cognitive standards can be inconsistent, conflicting, unrealistic, inappropriate, Failure to monitor what you are doing (because you are distracted, preoccupied, overwhelmed, or intoxicated).
• Self-regulation success: Mental control that focus on realistic standards, long-term goals, and on monitoring.
• Dieting paradox


  Dieting causes subsequent bingeing
• Susceptibility to disinhibition ("restraint release")

  • Occurs especially under conditions of anxiety, stress, alcohol, depression, or exposure to high-calorie foods
• Self-regulation can fail
• Reasons for failure to self-regulate

  • Biological urges can be powerful
  • Cognitive standards can be inconsistent, conflicting, unrealistic, inappropriate
  • Failure to monitor what you are doing (because you are distracted, preoccupied, overwhelmed, or intoxicated)
• Self-regulation success


  Mental control that focuses on realistic standards, long-term goals, and on monitoring
• Conscious mental control regulates physiological need

  1. Hunger

  2. Eat

  3. Satiety

  4. Stop eating
• People fail at self-regulation for three primary reasons
• Three primary reasons for failure to self-regulate

  • People routinely underestimate how powerful a motivational force biological urges can be when they are not currently experiencing them
  • People can lack standards, or they have inconsistent, conflicting, unrealistic, or inappropriate standards
  • People fail to monitor what they are doing as they become distracted, preoccupied, overwhelmed, or intoxicated
• Three motivations


  • Mindfulness over one's environmental influences
  • Self-Regulation of food intake
  • Exercise Motivation
• Other than surgery, three ways people can prevent or reverse weight gain and obesity
• Thirst


  The consciously experienced motivational state that readies the body to perform behaviors necessary to replenish a water deficit
• Function of body fluids

  • Eliminating waste substances
  • Regulating temperature
  • Where almost all biochemical reactions of the organism take place
  • Enables the solubility of nutrients and other substances
  • Responsible for maintaining the properties of the tissues and body cells
• Intracellular and extracellular fluids

  • Intracellular (67%)
  • Extracellular (33%)
• Level below the optimal point


  • Conserve water resources
  • Increase the feeling of thirst
• Thirst activation


  • Volumetric thirst
  • Osmometric thirst
• Factors regulating drinking behavior

  • Environmental and psychological factors
  • Physiological factors
• Given real energy deficiency signals, the relative pleasantness of four taste solutions (sweet, sour, salty, bitter) is represented at various stimulus intensities
• Thirst satiety


  Negative feedback mechanisms from body organs and brain structures
• Sex as a motivational state

  • Multifaceted motive (expression of love - violence)
  • Secondary motive