F-O

• Firewall


  : Software and hardware that provide a focal point for security by channeling all network connections through a control gateway.
• Hierarchical topology


  : Topology where a host computer is connected to several levels of subordinate smaller computers in a master-slave relationship.
• Internet relay chat (IRC): It is a source of zombies.
• Interpreter


  : Language translation modules of the operating system that convert one line of logic at a time.
• Intranets

  : Consist of small LANs and large wide area networks (WANs) that may contain thousands of individual nodes.
• Intrusion prevention systems (IPS)


  : A system that employ deep packet inspection (DPI) to determine when an attack is in progress.
• IP broadcast address:


  A message that sent to entire subsub-networknetwork of computers.
• IP spoofing


  It is a form of masquerading to gain unauthorized access to a Web server and/or to perpetrate an unlawful act without revealing one’s identity.
• Key: A is a mathematical value that the sender selects.
• Keystroke monitoring


  : It involves recording both the user’s keystrokes and the system’s responses.
• Line error


  : A problem in data communications and data loss.
• Log-on procedure


  : It is the operating system’s first line of defense against unauthorized access.
• Message sequence numbering


  : A sequence number that is inserted in each message, and any such attempt will become apparent at the receiving end.
• Message transaction log


  : The log that records all incoming and outgoing messages.
• Multilevel password control


  : It involves sharing the same computers to specific directories, programs, and data files.
• Network-level firewall


  : Firewalls that provide efficient but low-security access control.
• Network topology


  : Physical arrangement of the components.
• One-time passwords


  : A password control approach that uses the technology that employs a credit card-sized smart card containing a microprocessor programmed with an algorithm that generates, and electronically displays, a new and unique password every 60 seconds.
• Operating system security

  : It involves policies, procedures, and controls that determine who can access the operating system, which resources (files, programs, printers, etc.) they can use, and what actions they can take.
• Operating system


  : It is the computer’s control program that allows users and their applications to share and access common computer resources, such as processors, main memory, databases, and printers.