PE paper 2

• Classification of skills

  • Difficulty (simple/complex)
  • Environmental influence (open/closed)
  • Pacing (self-paced/externally paced)
  • Muscular involvement (gross/fine)
  • Continuity (discrete/serial/continuous)
  • Organisation (low/high)
• Types and methods of practice

  • Part practice
  • Whole practice
  • Whole/part-whole practice
  • Progressive/part practice
  • Massed practice
  • Distributed practice
  • Fixed practice
  • Varied practice
• Types of transfer

  • Positive
  • Negative
  • Proactive
  • Retroactive
  • Bilateral
• Know and understand the ways of optimising the effect of positive transfer
• Know and understand the ways of limiting the effect of negative transfer
• Theories of learning

  • Operant conditioning
  • Cognitive theory of learning
  • Bandura's theory of social/observational learning
• Stages of learning

  • Cognitive
  • Associative
  • Autonomous
• Types of guidance

  • Verbal guidance
  • Visual guidance
  • Manual guidance
  • Mechanical guidance
• Advantages and disadvantages of using each type of guidance
• Types of feedback

  • Intrinsic
  • Extrinsic
  • Positive
  • Negative
  • Knowledge of performance
  • Knowledge of results
• Advantages and disadvantages of using each type of feedback
• Atkinson and Shiffren's multi-store memory model

  Use of selective attention
• Craik and Lockhart's levels of processing model

  Relate both models to learning and performing physical activity skills
• Personality


  Definition of personality
• Theories of personality

  • Trait (extroversion/introversion, stable/unstable, type a/type b)
  • Social learning
  • Interactionist
• Attitude


  Definition of attitude
• Factors affecting attitude formation

  • Cognitive
  • Affective
  • Behavioural
• Methods of attitude change

  • Persuasive communication
  • Cognitive dissonance
• Intrinsic motivation


  Definition of intrinsic motivation
• Extrinsic motivation


  Definition of extrinsic motivation
• Uses and effects of intrinsic and extrinsic motivation
• Arousal


  Definition of arousal
• Effects of arousal

  • Drive theory
  • Inverted U theory
  • Catastrophe theory
• Anxiety


  Definition of anxiety
• Types of anxiety

  • State and trait
• Response to anxiety

  • Somatic
  • Cognitive
  • Zone of optimal functioning
• Aggression


  Definition of aggression
• Theories of aggression

  • Instinct
  • Social learning
  • Frustration-aggression hypothesis
  • Aggressive cue hypothesis
• Social facilitation


  Definition of social facilitation and social inhibition
• Effect of an audience on

  • Introverts/extroverts
  • Beginners/experts
  • Simple/complex skills
  • Gross/fine skills
• Evaluative apprehension


  Strategies to minimise social inhibition
• Group


  Definition of a group
• Stages of group development

  • Forming
  • Storming
  • Norming
  • Performing
• Ringelmann effect

  Social loafing
• Importance and effectiveness of goal setting
• Purposes of goal setting

  • Attentional focus
  • Persistence on tasks
  • Raising confidence and self-efficacy
  • Control of arousal and anxiety
  • To monitor performance
• SMART principle

  Specific, Measurable, Achievable, Recorded, Time phased
• Weiner's model of attribution

  • Stability dimension (unstable and stable)
  • Locus of causality dimension (internal and external)
  • Controllability dimension
• Learned helplessness


  As a barrier to sports performance
• Mastery orientation


  To optimise sports performance