science

• What is the process of gas exchange?


  Gas exchange is the transfer of oxygen and carbon dioxide between air and blood.
• What are the two fundamental types of cellular organization in living organisms?

  Prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells
• What are the fundamental building blocks of life?


  Cells
• What is an example of a specialized cell and its function?

  Nerve cells transmit electrical signals
• Why do muscle cells contain many mitochondria?


  To produce energy for contraction
• What is the function of red blood cells?


  Transport oxygen
• What is the role of root hair cells?


  Specialized for water and nutrient absorption
• What is the function of sperm cells?


  Designed for movement and fertilization
• What is the structure and function of the cell membrane?

  • Selectively permeable barrier
  • Controls what enters and exits the cell
  • Made of phospholipid bilayer
  • Contains protein channels
• What is diffusion?

  Movement from high to low concentration
• What is osmosis?

  Water movement across the membrane
• What is active transport?

  Movement against concentration gradient (requires energy)
• What is passive transport?


  Movement without energy
• What is the only transport mechanism that requires cellular energy?


  Active transport
• What is the definition of the cell cycle?


  The cell cycle is the sequence of events that a cell goes through from its formation to its division.
• Why is the cell cycle important for living organisms?


  It is fundamental for growth, development, and reproduction of all living organisms.
• What are the key characteristics of the cell cycle?


  • Continuous process
  • Divided into two main phases: Interphase and Mitosis
  • Occurs in all eukaryotic cells
• What is the primary purpose of the cell cycle?


  To create new cells through division and growth.
• What is the longest phase of the cell cycle?


  Interphase is the longest phase of the cell cycle.
• What are the three sub-stages of Interphase?


  1. G1 Phase (Growth 1)
  2. S Phase (Synthesis)
  3. G2 Phase (Growth 2)
• What occurs during the G1 Phase of Interphase?


  The cell grows, prepares for DNA replication, and synthesizes proteins and organelles.
• What happens during the S Phase of Interphase?


  DNA replication occurs, doubling the chromosome number.
• What are sister chromatids?


  Sister chromatids are two identical copies of a chromosome formed during DNA replication.
• What occurs during the G2 Phase of Interphase?


  The cell continues to grow and prepares for mitosis while checking and repairing DNA.
• What is the process of mitosis?


  Mitosis is the process of cell division where a parent cell divides into two identical daughter cells.
• What are the four main stages of mitosis?


  1. Prophase
  2. Metaphase
  3. Anaphase
  4. Telophase