bio ulit pero hanggang genetic engineering lang

• Genetics


  Study of genes and heredity
• Heredity


  Passing of genetic information and traits from parents to offspring
• Gregor Mendel


  Father of genetics
• Mendel's experiment


  Focused on observable traits of pea plants and how they pass on from generation to generation
• Genes


  Hereditary units of an organism that carry genetic material
• Alleles


  Variant form of genes
• Genotype


  The kind of gene that each progeny will have
• Phenotype


  The outward expression of the genotype
• Dominant trait


  The trait that first appears or is visibly expressed in the organism
• Recessive trait


  The trait that is present at the gene level but is masked and does not show itself in the organism
• Homozygous


  When the two alleles of the individual are the same
• Heterozygous


  When the two alleles of the individual are different
• Law of Segregation


  • Each inherited trait is defined by a gene pair, assessed through a monohybrid cross
• Law of Independent Assortment

  • Genes for different traits are sorted separately from one another, demonstrated through a dihybrid cross
• Law of Dominance


  • An organism with alternate forms of a gene will express the form that is dominant
• Codominance


  Both alleles are expressed equally in the phenotype of the heterozygote
• Incomplete Dominance


  The phenotype of a heterozygote offspring is somewhere in between the phenotypes of both homozygous parents
• Multiple Alleles


  Many genes have more than two alleles, e.g. ABO blood type
• Polygenic Traits


  Inheritance of a trait governed by more than one gene, e.g. hair color, skin tone, eye color, height, weight
• DNA


  Molecule that carries genetic information for the development and functioning of an organism
• DNA Replication


  Duplication of DNA during the synthesis (S) phase of the cell cycle
• DNA Transcription


  Synthesis of an mRNA molecule on the basis of a gene sequence
• DNA Translation


  Use of an mRNA by a ribosome to synthesize a protein
• Genetic Engineering


  Process of using recombinant DNA (rDNA) technology to alter the genetic makeup of an organism
• Recombinant DNA


  Molecule of DNA that has been modified to include genes from multiple sources
• Applications of Genetic Engineering

  • Cloning, hybridization, medical research, gene therapy
• General outline of recombinant DNA

  Cutting or cleavage of DNA by restriction enzymes 2. Selection of an appropriate vector 3. Ligation of the gene of interest with the vector 4. Transfer of the recombinant plasmid into a host cell 5. Selection process to screen which cells contain the gene of interest 6. Sequencing of the gene