LESSON 2-3

• Anthropology is the holistic study of humanity
• Anthropology


  The study of people and their culture
• Anthropology


  • Uses a special research method known as ethnography
  • Anthropologists are required to live with their subject of study for a long period of time in order to make their writings more reliable and credible
• Subjects of Inquiry in Anthropology

  • Biological Anthropology
  • Cultural Anthropology
  • Linguistics
  • Archeology
• Sociology is the systematic study of human society
• Sociology


  The study of society, patterns of societal interactions, and culture of everyday life
• Sociology uses qualitative research method in doing their studies
• Subjects of Inquiry in Sociology

  • Social phenomena, issues, and problems
  • Family background, socio-economic status, ethnicity, social classes, religion, gender, beliefs, traditions, norms
  • Social organization, social psychology, applied sociology, and human ecology
• Political Science is the systematic study of government, politics, and political power
• Politics


  The process of making collective decisions in a community, society, or group through the application of influence and power
• Subjects of Inquiry in Political Science

  • Political theory, Philosophy, and different political ideologies
  • Public Management
  • Human Rights
  • International Relations and Foreign Policies
• Sociological Imagination


  Vivid awareness of relationships between private experience and wider society
• Two Kinds of Situations

  • Private Trouble (Personal Problems)
  • Public Issues (Social Problems)
• Three Major Theoretical Perspectives in Sociology are Symbolic Interaction Perspective, Functionalist Perspective, and Conflict Perspective
• Symbolic Interaction Perspective


  People attach meanings to symbols and then act according to the subjective interpretation of the symbols
• Functionalist Perspective


  Each aspect of society is interdependent and contributes to society functioning as a whole
• Three Branches of the Philippine Government

  • Legislative Branch
  • Executive Branch
  • Judiciary Branch
• Manifest Function

  Intentional, obvious beneficial, positive effects of an institution or other social phenomena
• Latent Function


  Unintentional, not obvious, beneficial, positive effects of an institution or other social phenomena
• The law-making body authorized to make laws, alter, and repeal them through the power vested in the Philippine Congress
• Executive Branch


  The law-enforcing body
• Executive Branch


  • Composed of the President and the Vice President (elected by direct popular vote and serve a term of six years)
  • The Constitution grants the President authority to appoint his Cabinet
  • These departments form a large portion of the country's bureaucracy
• Judiciary Branch

  The law-interpreting body
• Judiciary Branch


  • Holds the power to settle controversies involving rights that are legally demandable and enforceable
  • It is made up of a Supreme Court and lower courts
• Manifest Function

  • School - educating children
• Latent Function

  • School: - teaching students to follow rules, opportunity to socialize, participate in school activities
• Dysfunction


  Harmful latent functions, cause disorder and conflict within society
• Dysfunction


  • When a group of teens engage in drinking and other unwanted behaviors
• Conflict Perspective


  Originated from Karl Marx's writings on class struggles (limited resources and power), focus on the negative, conflicted, and ever-changing nature of society, believe rich and powerful people force social order on the poor and weak
• Conflict Perspective


  • Worker-capitalist; wars over land and oil; landlords and tenants; black and white
• Conflict Perspective


  • Race, example: Black Lives Matter - 2013
• Critics point out its overly negative view of the society, theory ultimately attributes humanitarian efforts, altruism, democracy, civil rights, and other positive aspects of society to capitalistic designs to control the masses, not to inherent interests in preserving society and social order
• Culture


  Encompasses beliefs, traits etc., and everything a person learns and shares as a member of the societies, people in society produce and transmit culture, human = social animal as no social interaction = no culture, the Philippines is very rich in culture
• Culture


  • Shared, Learned, Social, Varies from society to society, Continuous, Gratifying
• Ethnocentrism


  The tendency to evaluate other groups according to the values and standards of one's own ethnic group, especially with the conviction that one's own ethnic group is superior to the other groups
• Eurocentrism


  A worldview, mindset, or rhetorical orientation that centers European, or White, ways of knowing as sole, central, or superior to all others
• Eurocentrism


  • The White Man's Burden by Rudyard Kipling
• Sinocentrism


  Belief that the Chinese culture is much more superior than others
• Xenocentrism


  Belief that the products or the culture of one is inferior to the other one, refers to a reference for the foreign, colloquially known as "colonial mentality"
• Cultural Relativism


  The idea that a person's belief, values, and practices should be understood based on that person's own cultures, rather than be based against the criteria of another, attempting to understand one's culture