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• Inquiry


  A learning process that motivates you to obtain knowledge or information about people, things, places, or events by investigating or asking questions
• Inquiry


  • It requires you to collect data, facts, and information about the object of your inquiry, and examine such data carefully
  • It involves varied thinking strategies to discover and understand the object of inquiry
  • It is an active learning process
  • It is a problem-solving technique
  • It elevates your thinking power
  • It allows you to shift from one level of thought to another
  • It does not go in a linear fashion; rather, it operates in an interactive manner
  • It includes cooperative learning
• Research


  The scientific investigation of phenomena which includes collection, presentation, analysis and interpretation of facts that lines an individual's speculation with reality
• Characteristics of Research


  • Empirical - based on direct experience or observation
  • Logical - based on valid procedures and principles
  • Cyclical - starts with a problem and ends with a problem
  • Analytical - utilizes proven analytical procedures
  • Critical - exhibits careful and precise judgment
  • Methodical - conducted in a methodical manner without bias using systematic method and procedures
  • Replicable - the research design and procedures can be replicated or repeated
• Ethics in Research


  Beliefs about what is right or wrong, proper or improper, good or bad. Conforming to accepted professional practice.
• Plagiarism is the use of another's work, words, or ideas without attribution
• Quantitative Research


  A type of educational research where the researcher decides what to study, asks specific narrow questions, collects quantifiable data, analyzes numbers using statistics, and conducts the inquiry in an unbiased, objective manner
• Qualitative Research


  A type of educational research where the researcher relies on the views of participants, asks broad general questions, collects data consisting largely of words, describes and analyzes these words for themes, and conducts the inquiry in a subjective, biased manner
• Differences between Quantitative and Qualitative Research

  • Quantitative: Preference for precise hypothesis, definitions, data reduced to numerical scores, assessing and improving reliability, assessing validity through statistical indices

  Qualitative: Preference for hypotheses that emerge, definitions in context, preference for narrative description, assuming reliability of inferences is adequate, assessing validity through crosschecking sources (triangulation)
• Types of Research (Based on Application)

  • Pure - deals with concepts, principles, or abstract things

  Applied - applies research to societal problems or issues
• Types of Research (Based on Purpose)

  • Descriptive - defines or gives a verbal portrayal

  Correlational - shows relationships or connectedness of variables

  Explanatory - elaborates or explains the reasons and ways of relationships

  Exploratory - finds out how reasonable or possible to conduct research on a topic

  Action - studies an ongoing practice to bring improvements
• Types of Research (Based on Data Needed)

  • Qualitative - uses non-numerical, verbal data

  Quantitative - uses numerical data
• Types of Research (Based on Levels of Investigation)

  • Exploratory - studies the variables

  Descriptive - studies the relationships of variables

  Experimental - studies the effects of variables on each other
• Types of Research (Based on Type of Analysis)

  • Analytic - identifies and isolates the components

  Holistic - begins with the total situation, focusing on the system and its internal relationships
• Types of Research (Based on Time Element)

  • Historical - describes what was

  Descriptive - describes what is

  Experimental - describes what will be
• Characteristics of Qualitative Research


  • Human understanding and interpretation

  Active, powerful, and forceful

  Multiple research approaches and methods

  Specificity to generalization

  Contextualization

  Diversified Data in real-life situations

  Abounds with words and visuals

  Internal analysis
• Strengths of Qualitative Research

  • Adopts a naturalistic approach

  Promotes full understanding of human behaviour or personality traits in their natural setting

  Instrumental for positive societal changes

  Engenders respect for people's individuality

  A way of understanding and interpreting social interactions

  Increases the researchers' interest in the study

  Offers multiple ways of acquiring and examining knowledge
• Weaknesses of Qualitative Research

  • Involves a lot of researchers' subjectivity in data analysis

  Hard to know the validity or reliability of the data

  Open-ended questions yield "data overload" that requires long-time analysis

  Time-consuming

  Involves several processes, which results greatly depend on the researchers' views or interpretations
• Types of Qualitative Research


  • Case Study - long-time study of a person, group, organization, or situation

  Ethnography - study of a particular cultural group

  Phenomenology - study of how people find their experiences meaningful

  Content & Discourse Analysis - analysis of communication content and language structures

  Historical Analysis - understanding the connection of past events to the present

  Grounded Theory - discovering a new theory during data collection and analysis