GEN BIO 2: Plant Reproduction and Development

• Plant Characteristics

  1. Multicellular Organisms
  2. Cellulosic Cell Wall
  3. Life cycle with alternations of generations
  4. Photosynthetic Capacity
  5. Plastids in Cytoplasm
• The two type of land plants are vascular and non-vascular plants.
• Pteridophytes and spermatophytes are vascular plants.
• Pteridophytes are spore-bearing vascular plants.
• Spermatophytes are seed-bearing vascular plants.
• Gymnosperms and angiosperms are under spermatophytes.
• Gymnosperms are cone-bearing plants.
• Angiosperms are flowering plants.
• Hornworts, liverworts, and mosses are also known as bryophytes.
• Ferns, horsetails, and lycophytes are under pteridophytes.
• In alternation of generations, the sporophyte is the diploid stage, while gametophyte is the haploid stage.
• In alternation of generations, meiosis forms haploid spores, mitosis forms haploid gametes.
• In alternation of generations, diploid chromosome number is restored through fertilization.
• In floral anatomy, the pistil consists of the female structures in flowers which are the stigma, style, and ovary.
• In floral anatomy, the stigma is a structure where the pollen grains must land during pollination.
• In floral anatomy, style is the stalk of the stigma that leads to the ovary. Within it is the pollen tube.
• In floral anatomy, ovary is the female structure in flowers that house the female gametes.
• In floral anatomy, ovules are small structures within the ovary. Each of them contains an egg nucleus.
• In floral anatomy, stamen refers to the male portion of the flower. It consists of anthers and filaments.
• In floral anatomy, anther is the male structure that produces and stores the pollen grains.
• In floral anatomy, filament is the staminal structure that serves as the stalk of the anther.
• In floral anatomy, petals are the colorful leaf-life structures in flowers that primarily attract pollinators.
• In flower anatomy, sepals are green leaf-like structures that protect the structures in a flower bud.
• In floral anatomy, receptacle is the thickened portion below the ovary where floral structures grow.
• In floral anatomy, pedicel is the stalk of the flower which provides support to all floral parts.
• In the angiosperm life cycle (1), the seeds inside a fruit contain the developing embryos. It is the first sporophyte stage.
• In the angiosperm life cycle (2), the embryos undergo development and differentiation to become seedlings. 
• In the angiosperm life cycle (3), continuous growth and development allows a seedling to reach maturity.
• In the angiosperm life cycle (4), the adult stage becomes sexually mature.
• In the angiosperm life cycle (5), the adults now produce gametophytes in pollens and ovules.
• In the angiosperm life cycle (6), fusion of the gametes occurs during pollination.
• In the angiosperm life cycle (7), thereafter, the ovary develops into a fruit. The ovules become seeds.
• In the gymnosperm life cycle (1), embryos develop into seedlings and into mature sporophyte.
• In the gymnosperm life cycle (2), upon reaching sexual maturity, gametophytes are produced in the male and female cones.
• In the gymnosperm life cycle (3), the pollens from the male cones pollinate the ovules in female cones.
• In the gymnosperm life cycle (4), fertilization occurs, which transforms ovules into seeds.
• In the fern life cycle (1), the young sporophyte develops into mature ferns.
• In the fern life cycle (2), fertile ferns produce spores through meiotic division.
• In the fern life cycle (3), the spores from  the sporangium develop into gametophytes.
• In the fern life cycle (4), the mature gametophyte produces eggs and sperms.