CHAPTER 10

• Management


  Key factor to success in any physical and sports education programs
• What management deals with

  • Long-term strategic plans and programs
  • Resources, financial, legal and safety management
  • Public relations and promotions
• Management


  Deals with the tasks and accountabilities to accomplish the objectives to fulfill the target objective
• Importance of management


  • Assists the individuals to realize their objectives or goals
  • Provides guidelines in the collaborative strength
  • Defines the group's development, efficiency and accomplishment of goals
  • Defines whether members within the group are contented, cooperating and productive
• Importance of management in sports event

  • Management gives a grasp and value to the essential ideas of the field's discipline
  • Understanding management helps an individual consider having a career in a certain field
  • Majority of physical educators do certain management work; thus, skills in management will provide better performance
  • Management is vital to collaborative effort
  • A grasp of management facilities continuity
  • Management skills help foster good human relations
• Functions of management


  • Planning
  • Organizing
  • Staffing
  • Leading
  • Controlling
• Planning


  Program strategies are laid out to achieve desired outcomes. It includes processes such as forecasting, developing objectives, programming, scheduling and budgeting and formulating procedure
• Organizing


  Aids in developing a group structure with definite scope of work for every member. This includes the development of the organizational structure, delegation of responsibilities and work, and the relationship among individuals
• Staffing


  Is the recruitment, selection, and retention of members wherein they are given appropriate assignment with proper training and professional development. It also concerns establishing an ideal work environment and ensuring human resources to get the work done
• Leading


  Is directing the organization to motivate and empower individuals in carrying out the program. Leading includes decision making, communication, selection of people and enhancing performance of an individual
• Controlling


  Ensures proper plan execution within the goals of the organization. It requires monitoring, assessment, evaluation, and feedback which can lead to re-engineering, reframing, or rewarding. Managers should continuously be in control of what is happening under his/her jurisdiction
• Qualities of a good leader

  • Administrative Mind
  • Integrity
  • Good human relations
  • Healthy and Fit
  • Ready to take on responsibility
  • Awareness of work
  • Intellectual capacity
• Roles and responsibilities of tournament officials

  • Enforcing the rules and regulations of the game
  • Ensuring that the game is played safely and in order (i.e prevent confrontations of teams; check uniforms etc.)
  • Inspecting the safety of the field or facility
  • Managing time
  • Communicating properly to the coaches and players the rules and regulations of the game
• Outside officiating or professional

  Requires external officials, usually hired or volunteers assigned by the organizers to implement the rules and code of conduct of the game/tournament. Normally, officials are not related to any team so they can provide impartial decisions
• Self-officiating


  Happens when there are no "outside officials". Players officiate the games or run the tournament. This is usually done during pick-up games with friends and may not be as effective compared to outside officiating
• Types of officials


  • Court/Field officials
  • Table officials
• Bases of good sports officiating

  • Ability
  • Preparation
  • Experience
• Qualities of sports official

  • Confidence
  • Consistency
  • Decisiveness
  • Enjoyment/Motivation
  • Integrity
  • Judgement
  • Poise
  • Rapport
• Major considerations in selecting types of competitions or tournament

  • Type of Activity
  • Number of Competitors
  • Available space and time
• Challenge tournaments


  This tournament has levels where winners go up and losers go down from their respective positions. Winning is important to climb to the top position. This type of tournament needs sufficient time to give chance to bottom dwellers to reach the top. Tournament positions are usually occupied on a first-come basis
• General rules of challenge tournaments

  • Players are not allowed to refuse a challenge
  • Players are not allowed to play the same opposition twice consecutively
  • The absence of a player may cause him/her to move down of position or be replaced by players below him/her
• Types of challenge tournaments

  • Ladder Tournament
  • Pyramid Tournament
  • Spider Web Tournament
• Ladder Tournament


  Suits single player competitions like tennis or badminton where participants challenge each other on a one-on-one match. Players move up or down the ladder depending on how they fared in their matches. The player on top of the ladder will be declared the winner
• Pyramid Tournament


  Is almost similar to the ladder tournament except that it has more players at the lower level when the tournament starts, then the number of players decreases as the level progresses. An individual can challenge anybody within the horizontal level and the winner goes up to challenge the higher level
• Spider Web Tournament


  Is a bracketing design taken from the shape of a spider web. The top position is the center where players reach it through the lines drawn from the center. The participant who gets to the center of the web gets the championship. Lines are drawn radially from the center with lines crossing them. Challenges can be against anyone on the next position nearer to the center but a player coming from a loss can only challenge someone from his/her own level
• Types of round-robin tournaments

  • Round-Robin
  • Lombard Round Robin
• Round-Robin


  Is a format where each team plays a number of games (n-1) depending on how many teams are participating. Usually, teams are divided into two groups (n/2) and ranked by game points. Crossover games are held with the top team in a group plays against the bottom team of another group, and the second ranked teams playing against the third ranked teams from the opposite group
• Lombard Round Robin


  Is a round robin variation used from limited allotted period. If full games are not possible, mini games are played. All scored for or against points are recorded to determine the winning team with the best ration
• Elimination tournaments


  An elimination tournament is for short round of matches. Single or pair losses instantly eliminate participants. This is suitable for time-constrained events but is disadvantageous for maximal play
• General guidelines for elimination tournaments

  • Draw is set up in even counts of brackets to the power of two(x2)
  • Brackets not used by teams constitute a bye
  • All byes are generated from the top seeded teams
  • The four top seeded teams spaced in the draw so as not to play against each other until the later rounds
  • All games must be numbered to help the organization of the tournament
• Types of elimination tournaments

  • Single or Straight Elimination
  • Double Elimination
• Single or Straight Elimination

  Is when a player or a team loses, they get eliminated; the winning (player or team) continues to play to the next round. This happens until there is only one team left, which will be declared the winner. This is usually used when time is limited while sacrificing maximum play. It is the simplest to arrange and fastest way to proclaim a winner
• Double Elimination


  Is similar to single elimination except that a player or team gets eliminated after losing twice
• Marketing


  An important process in conducting physical education (PE), recreation and sports programs. It involves planning analysis, management and implementation of designed programs by organizations or schools to achieve satisfaction of consumer or participant's needs. During the process, the organization and participants interact closely to improve the services or programs
• Principles in marketing PE and sports

  • Competition Principle
  • Customer Principle
  • Practice Principle
  • Cross Functional Principle
  • Continuous Improvement Principle
  • Stakeholder Principle
• Marketing processes in PE, recreation and sports


  • Organization mission and objectives
  • Marketing opportunity analysis
  • Market strategy
  • Implementation
  • Evaluation
• Organization mission and objectives

  The foundation of marketing process us anchored on the organization's mission and objectives. Defining this through careful evaluation if the needs and benefits of the participants and prospects is the primary task of the management. Mission and objectives, along with its vision, involves the organization's endeavors (action goals) and desires (image goals)
• Marketing opportunity analysis


  Market analysis determines what people wants from the organization to deliver and satisfy. It gives organizers figures of market segments, which can be interest to the organizations. It also provides demographics, psychographics, geography and potential segment participants. Marketing opportunity analysis offers parameters for the development of a better market strategy
• Market strategy


  Marketing strategy comprises a mixture of three(3) activities: determining target markets; establishing marketing objectives and developing and maintaining a suitable marketing mix
• Marketing mix or the 6Ps

  • Product/Program Strategies
  • Public
  • Place or distribution Strategies
  • Pricing Strategies
  • Promotion Strategies