Philosophy

• is an important subject in Philosophy

  Man
• refer to the entire human race (humanity, mankind, and humankind).


  man
• refers to man as a specie - homo sapiens or modern human beings.

  human
• refers to a human being granted recognition of certain rights, protection and responsibilities.

  person
• Considers man as a part of the natural world and a product of evolution.

  Biological perspective
• Humans are closely related to

  primates
• Humans have developed distinct physical features such as

  bipedalism
• Places emphasis on human behavior and thought processes in analyzing human nature

  Psychological perspective
• 4 mental faculties:


  psyche, rationality, intelligence, introspection
• human mind


  psyche
• capacity to reflect and to think and understand to solve problems

  rationality
• ability to absorb use and apply information to one's daily life

  intelligence
• "inside or within" ability to solve and reflect

  introspection
• Freud's view of the human mind

  conscious level, subconscious level, unconscious level
• Focuses on man's ability to engage in productive activities in an effort to meet his wants and needs

  Economic perspective
• Economic man =


  homo economicus
• driven by rationality and self-interest in his desire to possess wealth

  economic man
• Considers man as God's creation

  Theological perspective
• The ultimate destiny is part of a

  divine plan
• the capacity to feel


  sentience
• inborn capacity to function

  innate
• we gain self awareness


  emergent
• continuous experiences makes us people to be one with the environment


  integrated and developing
• What makes you, you


  identity
• acknowledge that a human being is a distinct entity

  personhood
• someone who is 'that' distinct entity

  person
• 3 Notions that justify the recognition of personhood

  Autonomous being, unified individual, relation to others
• A person becomes who he is if he has the ability to decide on his own and has free will.

  Autonomous being
• inborn capacity to function as a person

  Unified individual
• states that a person needs to be surrounded by people and if we remove ourselves we stop being people.

  relation to others
• Freedom/Liberty


  Social and political concept which has great significance in how people participate in society
• Freedom of an individual

  From oppression, compulsion, or coercion from other persons, an authority figure or from society itself
• Positive Liberty


  • From a person taking control of his or her own life fulfilling one's potential
  • Free from internal restraints, expresses the rationality of the true soul that is uncovered when internal restraints are removed
• Negative Liberty


  • From external restraint, barriers, and other interference from other people
• Liberalism


  Upholds the preservation of individual rights and stresses the role of the government protecting these civil liberties
• Libertarianism


  Believes that the individual, not the government, is the best judge in upholding and exercising rights
• Socialism


  Considers freedom as a freedom to acquire economic resources and the ability to work and act according to one's desire
• Human Agency


  Refers to the capacity of a person to act and exert control over his or her behavior
• Human Freedom


  • Free Will - based on rationality. The freedom to make choices for yourself
  • Free Action - capacity to act without obstacles
• Faculties Model


  • Free will as the use of our mental faculties