PHILOSOPHY

• Philosophy


  A way of thinking about the world, the universe, and society. It tries to answer important questions by coming up with answers about real things and asking "why?"
• Two kinds of wisdom

  • Divine wisdom
  • Human wisdom
• Divine wisdom


  • A gift from God
• Human wisdom


  • Quality of having experience, knowledge, and good judgement
  • Quality of being wise
• Characteristics of human wisdom


  • From above
  • Pure
  • Peaceable
  • Gentle
  • Open to reason
  • Full of mercy
  • Impartial
  • Full of good fruits
• Knowledge


  Something we gain from experience
• Wisdom


  Deeper than knowledge. Correct and right application of knowledge gained from experience. The mother of morality.
• Greece is the birthplace of philosophy in the West
• Philosophers


  • Thales of Miletus
  • Pythagoras
  • Heraclitus
  • Diogenes of Sinope
  • Epicurus
  • Democritus
  • Socrates
  • Plato
  • Aristotle
• Holistic thinking


  Considers large-scale patterns in systems
• Partial thinking


  Focuses on specific aspects of a situation
• Branches of philosophy


  • Logic
  • Philosophy of human person
  • Cosmology
  • Metaphysics
  • Ethics
  • Aesthetics
  • Epistemology
  • Psychology
  • Social philosophy
  • Theodicy
• Philosophy in everyday life

  • Provides direction
  • Enables reflection
  • Develops critical thinking
  • Improves problem solving
• Knowledge


  The clear awareness and understanding of something through experience. The product of questions that allow for clear answers provided by facts.
• Facts


  Propositions or statements which are observed to be real or truthful. Known statements or things that have proper evidence.
• Claims


  Considering something that is true even if it does not have enough basis or structural evidence.
• Doubt


  Has an important purpose in philosophy as it drives the desire to discover the truth. Systematic doubt is employed to help determine the truth.
• Belief


  True if it can be justified or proven through the use of one's senses or based on facts.
• Consensus


  Having people agree on a common belief is a way of determining what is true.
• Truth


  Knowledge validated, based on the facts of reality
• Opinion


  A view or judgment formed about something, not necessarily based on fact or knowledge
• Theories of truth


  • Correspondence theory
  • Coherence theory
  • Pragmatist theory
• Methods of philosophizing


  • Dialectic method
  • Pragmatic method
  • Phenomenological method
  • Primary and secondary reflection
  • Analytic method
• Kinds of fallacy


  • Ad hominem
  • Baculum
  • Misericordian
  • Populum
  • Tradition
  • Ignorantiam
  • Petitio principi
  • Hasty generalization
  • Cause and effect
  • Composition/division
  • Equivocation
• Kinds of bias


  • Correspondence
  • Confirmation
  • Framing
  • Hindsight
  • Conflict of interest
  • Cultural
• Deductive reasoning


  Top-down logic: conclusion, main points, generalization
• Inductive reasoning


  Bottom-up logic: generalization, main points, conclusion
• Terms related to human person

  • Man
  • Human
  • Human being
  • Person
  • Personhood
  • Human nature
• Environmental ethics


  A discipline in philosophy that studies the moral relationships of human beings with the environment and its non-human contents
• Attribution of moral consideration

  • Anthropocentrism
  • Pathocentrism
  • Biocentrism
  • Ecocentrism
  • Aesthetics
• Theories in radical ecological philosophy

  • Deep ecology
  • Social ecology
  • Ecofeminism
• Causes of environmental crisis

  • Physical (natural and human-induced)
  • Legal
  • Socioeconomic
  • Attitudinal
• Philosophy


  A way of thinking about the world, the universe, and society. It tries to answer important questions by coming up with answers about real things and asking "why?"
• Philosophy


  Comes from the Greek word PHILOS (LOVE) SOPHIA (WISDOM)
• Two kinds of wisdom

  • Divine wisdom - a gift from God
  • Human wisdom - the quality of having experience, knowledge, and good judgement
• Characteristics of human wisdom

  • From above - a gift from above
  • Pure - free from stains and evil thoughts
  • Peaceable - free from strife or disorder
  • Gentle - considerate or kindly in disposition, amiable, and tender. Not harsh or severe; mild and soft
  • Open to reason - willing to listen to logical or sensible thinking
  • Full of mercy - treating people with kindness and forgiveness
  • Impartial - treating or affecting everybody equally
  • Full of good fruits - meant the produce of our lives
• Knowledge


  Something we gain from experience
• Wisdom


  Deeper than knowledge. After gaining knowledge of something from an experience, a correct and right application of this knowledge must be done. Wisdom is the mother of morality.
• Greece is the birthplace of philosophy in the West
• Notable philosophers


  • Thales of Miletus - Father of Philosophy in the Western civilization
  • Pythagoras - Math theory
  • Heraclitus - Higher order
  • Diogenes of Sinope - Simple Life
  • Epicurus - Happiness
  • Democritus - Natural phenomena
  • Socrates - Socratic method
  • Plato - Dialectic
  • Aristotle - Logic