DNA fragments

• What is the purpose of gel electrophoresis in gene technology?

  • Helps screen and identify genes
  • Used for counseling and personalized medicine
  • Assists in genetic fingerprinting
• What is genetic fingerprinting used for?

  Forensic science, medical diagnosis, paternity tests
• What is the first step in genetic modification?

  Isolate the gene of interest
• How is human insulin produced using gene technology?

  Isolate, amplify, and insert the insulin gene
• What are the three mechanisms for creating DNA fragments?

  1. Reverse transcriptase
  2. Restriction endonucleases
  3. Gene machine
• What does recombinant DNA technology involve?

  Recombining DNA from two different organisms
• What is the role of reverse transcriptase?

  To make DNA copies from mRNA
• Why is reverse transcriptase important for genetic engineering?

  It produces intron-free DNA from mRNA
• What type of cells produce the protein of interest for reverse transcription?

  Cells that naturally produce the protein
• What is cDNA?

  Complementary DNA made from mRNA
• What is the purpose of adding DNA polymerase after reverse transcription?

  To create double-stranded DNA
• What are restriction endonucleases used for?

  To cut DNA at specific sequences
• Where do restriction endonucleases naturally occur?

  In bacteria as a defense mechanism
• What is a recognition site in DNA?

  The specific sequence where enzymes cut DNA
• How do sticky ends facilitate DNA recombination?

  They allow complementary bases to align easily
• What is the gene machine used for?

  To create DNA fragments quickly and accurately
• What is the first step in using the gene machine?

  Identify the amino acid sequence of the protein
• What are oligonucleotides?

  Small sections of DNA nucleotides
• What is a major advantage of the gene machine?

  It allows for intron-free DNA design
• What is a disadvantage of reverse transcriptase compared to other methods?

  It can be more time-consuming and complex
• What is a downside of using restriction endonucleases?

  They may leave introns in the DNA fragment
• What is a disadvantage of the gene machine?

  It requires prior identification of amino acid sequences
• What are the pros and cons of the three methods for creating DNA fragments?

  Reverse Transcriptase:

  • Pros: Produces intron-free DNA
  • Cons: More time-consuming and complex

  
  

  Restriction Endonucleases:

  • Pros: Cuts at specific recognition sites
  • Cons: May leave introns in DNA

  
  

  Gene Machine:

  • Pros: Quick, accurate, and customizable
  • Cons: Requires prior sequence identification