overview

• What is the definition of the rate of a reaction?

  Amount of reactants used or products made
• What does a downward curve on a reactants vs. time graph indicate?

  Reactants are being used up over time
• What does a steep gradient on a reaction graph signify?

  Faster rate of reaction
• How do you find the gradient of a straight line on a graph?

  Change in y against change in x
• How do you find the gradient of a curved line on a graph?

  Draw a tangent and find change in y against x
• What is the first factor that increases the rate of a reaction?

  Temperature
• How does increasing temperature affect particle movement?

  Particles move faster with more kinetic energy
• What is activation energy?

  Minimum energy needed for a successful collision
• What is the second factor that increases the rate of a reaction?

  Concentration or pressure
• How does increasing concentration affect reaction rates?

  More particles lead to more frequent collisions
• What is the third factor that increases the rate of a reaction?

  Surface area
• How can you increase the surface area of a solid?

  By breaking it into smaller pieces
• What is the final factor that increases the rate of a reaction?

  Adding a catalyst
• What is a catalyst?

  Substance that increases reaction rate without being used
• How does a catalyst work?

  Provides an alternative pathway with lower activation energy
• What is a reversible reaction?

  Products can react to form original reactants
• How can you change the direction of a reversible reaction?

  By changing the conditions of the reaction
• What happens when you heat ammonium chloride?

  It forms ammonia and hydrogen chloride
• What happens when you cool the products of a reversible reaction?

  It reforms the original reactants
• What is the relationship between exothermic and endothermic reactions in reversible reactions?

  One side is exothermic, the other is endothermic
• What happens when you add water to anhydrous copper sulfate?

  It forms blue hydrated copper sulfate crystals
• What happens when you heat blue copper sulfate crystals?

  It reforms white anhydrous copper sulfate
• What is equilibrium in a reversible reaction?

  Rates of forward and backward reactions are equal
• What happens to concentrations at equilibrium?

  Concentrations of reactants and products stay constant
• How can you shift the equilibrium in a reaction?

  By changing temperature, pressure, or concentration
• What does Le Chatelier's principle state?

  System will respond to counteract changes
• What happens if you increase the temperature of a system at equilibrium?

  Equilibrium shifts to the endothermic side
• What happens if you decrease the temperature of a system at equilibrium?

  Equilibrium shifts to the exothermic side
• What happens if you increase pressure in a system at equilibrium?

  Equilibrium shifts to the side with fewer moles
• What happens if you decrease pressure in a system at equilibrium?

  Equilibrium shifts to the side with more moles
• What happens when you change the concentration of a system at equilibrium?

  Equilibrium shifts to counteract the change
• What is crude oil made from?

  Ancient biomass like plankton
• Why is crude oil considered a non-renewable resource?

  It takes millions of years to form
• What are hydrocarbons?

  Compounds made of hydrogen and carbon
• What is the process used to separate hydrocarbons from crude oil?

  Fractional distillation
• How does fractional distillation work?

  Separates based on boiling points in a column
• Where do longer hydrocarbons condense in a fractionating column?

  Near the bottom
• Why do longer hydrocarbons have higher boiling points?

  Stronger intermolecular forces require more energy
• What are alkanes?

  Saturated hydrocarbons with single bonds
• What is the general formula for alkanes?

  $C_nH_{2n+2}$