Organic chemistry

• Viscosity = thickness of a fluid
• Fluids with high viscosity flow slowly
• What are hydrocarbons made up of?

  Carbon and hydrogen atoms
• What is crude oil primarily composed of?

  Fossil fuel formed from remains
• How long has crude oil been formed?

  Over a million years
• Where were the remains that formed crude oil buried?

  In mud
• What are the different types of hydrocarbons mentioned?

  • Methane: $CH_4$
  • Ethane: $C_2H_6$
  • Propane: $C_3H_8$
  • Butane: $C_4H_{10}$
• What is the general formula for alkanes?

  $C_nH_{2n+2}$
• Why are alkanes saturated molecules?

  Because carbon atoms are bonded to hydrogen atoms
• What are the properties of hydrocarbons based on size?

  • Larger hydrocarbons are more viscous
  • Short-chain hydrocarbons are very flammable
  • Larger hydrocarbons are less flammable
  • Short-chain hydrocarbons burn easily
• How does the size of hydrocarbons affect their flammability?

  Short-chain hydrocarbons are very flammable
• What happens to the flammability of larger hydrocarbons?

  They become less flammable
• What is the boiling point characteristic of hydrocarbons?

  They have low boiling points
• Why are all hydrocarbons gases at room temperature?

  Because they have low boiling points
• How does the size of hydrocarbons affect their boiling points?

  Larger hydrocarbons have higher boiling points
• What is the boiling point trend for hydrocarbons?

  Boiling points increase with size
• What is the boiling point of methane?

  It is lower than room temperature
• What is the boiling point of butane?

  It is higher than methane
• What is the boiling point of propane?

  It is between methane and butane
• What are the characteristics of short-chain and long-chain hydrocarbons?

  Short-chain hydrocarbons:

  • Very flammable
  • Low boiling points

  
  

  Long-chain hydrocarbons:

  • Less flammable
  • Higher boiling points
• Why do all hydrocarbons have low boiling points?

  Because they are gases at room temperature
• What is the boiling point of ethane?

  It is higher than methane
• What is the boiling point of propane?

  It is higher than ethane
• What is the boiling point of butane?

  It is higher than propane
• What are hydrocarbons composed of?

  Carbon and hydrogen atoms
• What are the two main types of hydrocarbons?

  Alkanes and alkenes
• What distinguishes alkanes from alkenes?

  Alkanes have only single bonds
• What are alkanes also known as?

  Paraffins
• How do the reactivities of alkanes and alkenes compare?

  Alkenes are more reactive than alkanes
• What is a characteristic of alkanes regarding boiling points?

  They have low boiling points
• What are cycloalkanes?

  Hydrocarbons with a ring structure
• What defines aromatic hydrocarbons?

  They have a planar, ring-shaped structure
• In what areas are hydrocarbons important?

  Petroleum chemistry and material production
• What are some uses of hydrocarbons?

  Fuels, lubricants, and plastics production
• What methods can predict the properties of hydrocarbons?

  Molecular orbital theory and group theory
• What is cracking in hydrocarbon synthesis?

  Breaking down large molecules into smaller ones
• What does reforming involve in hydrocarbon synthesis?

  Rearranging atoms in a molecule
• What is polymerization in hydrocarbon synthesis?

  Combining many small molecules to form a large molecule
• What are the applications of hydrocarbons?

  Used as fuels, lubricants, and solvents
• How can the reactivity of hydrocarbons be predicted?

  Using molecular orbital theory and group theory