sociologists

• Philips and Browning - ethnicity?

  Ethnic minorities over police and under protected
• Gilroy - ethnicity?

  Myth of black criminality
• Holdaway - ethnicity?

  Canteen culture, racist police officers
• MacPherson Report?

  Stephen lawrence murder
• Hirschi - ethnicity?

  asian families are stricter
• Lea and Young - ethnicity?

  Subcultures
• Sewel - ethnicity?

  3 factors of increasing crime among black boys
• Castells - globalisation?

  $1 trillion per annum
• Held - globalisation?

  Interconnectedness between borders
• Glenny - globalisation?

  Mcmafia, transnational organisations
• Bauman - globalisation?

  Growing individualism
• Lash and Urry - globalisation?

  Increased deregulation, less state control
• Beck - globalisation?

  Growing instability, risk society
• Taylor - globalisation?

  Greater job insecurity, fewer job opportunities, more crime
• Taylor pt 2 - globalisation?

  New patterns of inequality, global wage divide
• Postman - media?

  Infotainment, entertainment and sensationalism
• Baudrillard - media?

  Media creates reality
• Reiner - class?

  Merton strain theory
• Murray - class?

  Underclass responsible for majority of street crime
• Hirschi - class?

  Underclass lack impulse control
• Gordon - class?

  Criminogenic capitalism
• Messerschmidt - class?

  Middle class men use white collar crime to show off masculinity
• Katz - class?

  Masculinity, thrill of crime
• Situ and Emmons - green?

  Unauthorised act that violates the law of a state or nation
• White - green?

  Any action that harms the physical environment even if no law has been broken
• Beck - green?

  Global manufactured risk
• South - green?

  Primary and secondary crime
• Green and Ward - state?

  Illegal deviant activities perpetrated by, or with, the complicity of state agencies

  262 million murdered
• Hillyard - state?

  Zemiology
• McLaughlin - state?

  4 types:

  • political crimes
  • crime by security and police forces
  • economic crimes
  • social and cultural crime
• Chambliss - state?

  Acts defined as illegal by the state (domestic law)
• Michalowski?

  Not just illegal, but legally permissible acts with consequences similar to illegal acts
• Rothe and Mullins - state?

  State crime violates international law
• Schwendinger - state?

  State crime is a violation of people's basic human rights
• Strand and Tuman - state?

  Japan sought to overturn the international ban on whaling by bribing small nations with foreign aid to vote against the ban
• Risse - state?

  States care about human rights image because these are global norms
• Cohen - state?

  Schwendinger confuses immorality with criminality, he is clearly taking a higher moral value position
• Kelman and Hamilton - state?

  3 features produce crimes of obedience

  • authorisation
  • routinisation
  • dehumanisation
• Adorno - state?

  Authoritarian personality
• Bauman - state?

  4 features of modern society make state crimes possible

  • Division of labour
  • Bureaucratisation
  • Instrumental rationality
  • Science and technology