*

• LW

  labelling and shaming
• RW

  surveillance and SCP and cancel culture
• RW

  foucalt and clarke and erikson
• LW

  young and braithwaite
• ECP

  Wilson and kelling
• DS

  newman
• CT

  pollack
• interactionist

  Becker - labelling
• Marxist

  WCC Sutherland and box
• Functionalism

  Merton and David and Durkheim
• Realist

  cohen (DB) and Wilson (RCT)
• Social class

  Sutherland - and Williams (prison pop) and Kinsey (multiple victimisation) and Althusser (RSAs and ISAs) and Young (myth of equal victim)
• Green crime

  South (primary vs secondary) and Beck (invisible risk society)
• Global crime

  Aas (collective community) and castells (minimise risk) and gastrow (mafia is outdated)
• Ethnicity

  • Smith and gray (stop and search)
  • Bowling and Phillips (drop cases)
  • Secret policeman study
  • Nightingale (paradox of inclusion)
  • Phillips and Browning (over-policed, under-protected)
  • Gilroy (myth of black criminality)
  • Holdaway (canteen culture)
• Age

  • McVie (age categories blurred)
  • Soothill (peak age of conviction)
  • Circourel (stereotypes in custody)
• Gender

  • Hanmer (street in Leeds)
  • Stanko (24hrs)
  • Walklate (repeat victims)
  • Cohen (delinquent boys)
  • Winlow (bad fellas study)
  • Carlen (gender deal)
  • Lees (double deviance theory)
  • Hirschi (family over crime)
  • Messerschmidt (masculinity)
• Subcultures

  • Miller (focal concerns)
  • Lyng (edgework, thrill)
  • Cohen (mods vs rockers)
  • Presdee (carnival of crime)
  • Katz and Jackson—Jacobs (noble pursuit of gangs)
• Measuring crime

  • PRCF
  • SRS
  • OCS
  • VS (watts, bessant and hill state chooses who to recognise/ Marx WCC victims unaware)
  • Kinsey (MCS, women underreport)