weaknesses of the psychosexual approach

• often criticised for being unscientific and unfalsifiable. 

  Evidence: Many of Freud’s core concepts, such as the id, ego, and superego, as well as defence mechanisms and the unconscious mind, are abstract and cannot be directly observed or measured. Popper argued that a theory is only scientific if it can be falsified — if it can be tested and potentially proven wrong. Freud’s theories do not meet this criterion because they are impossible to empirically prove or disprove.  

  Explanation: This lack of falsifiability means the psychodynamic approach cannot be objectively tested or verified through scientific methods, which limits its status as a credible psychological theory in modern empirical research. Without the ability to rigorously test its claims, the approach remains reliant on subjective interpretation, which is less reliable than approaches grounded in observable behaviour or brain activity. 
• Point: Another limitation of the psychodynamic approach is that many of its ideas lack temporal validity and are considered outdated. 

  Evidence: Freud developed his theories in the early 20th century, during a time of very different social norms, especially regarding gender roles, family structure, and attitudes towards sexuality. For instance, his theory of the Oedipus complex assumes a “traditional” family which does not reflect the diversity of family structures in modern society. 

  Explanation: Because the psychodynamic approach is rooted in historical and cultural assumptions of Freud’s era, its relevance to current society is limited. Many of its ideas do not apply to modern understandings of identity, family life, and mental health. This reduces the applicability of the theory to diverse populations and makes it less useful in explaining contemporary psychological phenomena. 
• its reliance on psychic determinism, which undermines the concept of free will. 

  Evidence: Psychic determinism is the belief that all behaviour is driven by unconscious forces and early childhood experiences, leaving no conscious choice or personal agency. According to Freud, even seemingly unimportant behaviours or thoughts are the result of unconscious motivations (e.g.: Freudian slips). This deterministic view suggests that individuals are not in control of their actions, as everything is shaped by forces beyond their awareness, typically rooted in unresolved psychosexual conflicts from childhood. 

  Explanation: This view contrasts sharply with the humanistic approach, which emphasises free will, personal growth, and the ability to change. Many psychologists and theorists argue that the psychodynamic perspective overemphasises the role of past experiences and unconscious motives, neglecting the role of current