prokaryotes vs eukaryotes

• Prokaryotes


  The simplest cells, single-celled organisms with a basic cell structure
• Prokaryotes


  • Lack membrane-bound organelles
  • Divided into bacteria and archaea domains based on structural and genetic differences
  • Smaller than eukaryotic cells
• Prokaryote Structure


  • Nucleoid
  • Plasmid
  • Ribosomes (70S)
  • Cell wall
  • Slime capsule/glycocalyx
  • Pili
  • Flagella
• Nucleoid


  Region containing genetic material/DNA
• Plasmid


  Additional DNA for horizontal gene transfer
• Ribosomes (70S)


  Site of protein synthesis
• Cell wall


  External protective structure of peptidoglycan
• Slime capsule/glycocalyx


  Polysaccharide layer for protection and attachment
• Pili


  Extensions aiding attachment and plasmid exchange
• Flagella


  Structures facilitating movement
• Binary Fission


  Circular DNA is copied and divides, leading to quick colony growth
• Eukaryotes


  Cells with a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles
• Eukaryote Kingdoms


  • Animal
  • Plant
  • Fungi
  • Protist
• Eukaryote Organelles


  • Plasma membrane
  • Ribosomes
  • Cell wall (plant, fungi)
  • Cytoskeleton
  • Cytosol
• Compartmentalisation


  • Nucleus separates transcription and translation processes
  • Maintain internal chemistry suitable for specific functions
  • Lysosomes contain hydrolytic enzymes in a specific compartment for controlled digestion
• Vesicle Formation


  1. Vesicles are membrane-wrapped structures and transport

  2. Some form with clathrin coat protein

  3. Creating a lattice cleaved by dynamin to form vesicles