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• Volcano


  Natural opening in the earth's surface where molten rocks, smoke, gases, and ashes are ejected
• Volcano


  • Has three basic parts: base, slope, and summit where the crater or opening is located
• Crater


  Funnel-shaped depression at the top of a volcano formed as a result of explosive eruption
• The volcano located in Batangas, Philippines has 47 craters
• Caldera collapse


  Collapse of part of the wall of the crater following an explosive eruption, usually triggered by the emptying of the magma chamber beneath the volcano
• Magma


  Hot fluid or semi-fluid material below or within the earth's crust, usually made from molten rocks
• Lava


  Magma that is ejected out of a volcano, an Italian word meaning "to slide"
• Types of volcanoes according to shape

  • Shield volcano
  • Cinder cone volcano
  • Composite volcano
• Shield volcano


  • Formed by the accumulation of non-viscous lava that oozes out, broad and slightly domed structure
• Shield volcano


  • Mauna Loa in Hawaii
• Cinder cone volcano


  • Built from ejected lava fragments, has steep slopes and a wide crater, most abundant type
• Cinder cone volcano


  • Mount Pelee in Mexico
• Composite volcano


  • Large, nearly perfect slope structure formed from the alternate solidification of lava and pyroclastic deposits
• Composite volcano


  • Mayon Volcano in the Philippines
• The process of magma formation is different at each type of plate boundary, therefore the composition of magma differs in each tectonic setting
• Shield volcano


  • Mauna Kea in Hawaii
• Cinder cone volcano


  • Mount St. Helens in Washington, USA
• Composite volcano


  • Mount Fuji in Japan
• Types of volcanic eruption

  • Phreatic (steam-driven)
  • Phreatomagmatic (violent eruption due to water-magma interaction)
  • Strombolian (periodic weak to violent eruption with lava fountains)
  • Vulcanian (tall eruptions with pyroclastic flows and ash)
  • Plinian (excessively explosive eruption of gas and pyroclastics)
• Phreatic eruption happened at Taal Volcano in the Philippines in January 2020
• Plinian eruption happened at Mount Pinatubo in the Philippines in 1991
• Active volcano


  A volcano with a record of eruption
• Inactive volcano


  A volcano with no record of eruption, like Mount Kanlaon in Negros Occidental, Philippines
• Volcanoes keep the Earth warm and wet, which are two critical elements for sustaining life