Educational policy

• What are educational policies?

  Government strategies for education
• Why was compulsory state-run education developed?

  To create an educated workforce due to industrialisation
• What system was introduced in 1944 for secondary education?

  The tripartite system
• How did the tripartite system select pupils?

  Through the 11+ exam
• What was the outcome of the 11+ exam for middle-class and working-class pupils?

  Middle-class pupils attended grammar schools, working-class pupils attended secondary modern schools
• What did the comprehensive system introduced in 1965 abolish?

  The 11+ exam
• How many grammar schools are still in England?

  164 grammar schools
• What are the views of functionalists and Marxists on comprehensive schools?

  Functionalists:

  • See comprehensives as meritocratic
  • Promote integration of social classes

  
  

  Marxists:

  • View comprehensives as reproducing inequality
  • Legitimate inequality through the 'myth of meritocracy'
• What does marketisation in education mean?

  Introducing market forces into state-run education
• When did marketisation policies become central in education?

  Since the 1988 Education Reform Act
• How do league tables affect pupil selection?

  They allow schools to 'cream-skim' the best pupils
• What is the funding formula in education?

  Schools are funded based on pupil recruitment
• What are the issues related to parental choice in education?

  • Middle-class privileged-skilled choosers have advantages
  • Working-class disconnected-local choosers lack options
  • Ambitious working-class semi-skilled choosers face frustrations
• What does the 'myth of parentocracy' refer to?

  It suggests all parents have equal school choice
• What policies did New Labour introduce to reduce inequality?

  City academies, Education Action Zones, EMAs
• What contradictions exist in New Labour policies?

  EMAs help poor pupils but tuition fees increased
• What has been the impact of Conservative policies since 2010 on education?

  Accelerated move away from comprehensive education
• What are the two types of marketisation in education?

  1. Internal market within the education system
  2. Privatisation of state education
• What are academies in the context of education?

  Schools funded by central government, independent of local authorities
• What are free schools?

  State-funded schools run by various groups
• What does Ball mean by 'fragmented centralisation' in education?

  It refers to a patchwork system leading to inequality
• What have been the effects of spending cuts since 2010 on education?

  Major cuts in funding for various educational services
• How have cuts affected the Pupil Premium for disadvantaged pupils?

  Cuts have sometimes cancelled out the Pupil Premium