Section six

• What is section 6

  Effect of imprisonment
• What are the two purposes of imprisonment

  Punishment and reform
• What are examples of non custodial punishment

  Fines

  community service

  probation
• Custodial punishment?

  Prison

  Can’t see family

  tightly controlled
• What is the psychological view of effects of imprisonment

  The over crowdedness and lack of freedom can lead to mental health issues in prisoners such as depression
• Evidence for the psychological effect of imprisonment

  Enda Dooley carried out a content analysis of government records on offender history. Investigated all unnatural deaths. 300/442 were suicide
• What does the psychological view of effect of imprisonment suggest

  Prison can make matters worse opposed to better.
• What is reform

  Changing or improving the behaviour of offenders
• Why is reform necessary

  Prisons don’t work as 50% reoffend within 12 months of release
• Why is working prisons a good idea

  They leave the prison with a skill so can get a job
• What is the research supporting reform

  Gillis looked at relationships between employment status and community outcomes for 2 groups of offenders.

  those employed whilst under conditional release were less likely to return to prison.
• What is the key research

  Zimbardo (1973)
• Aim of zimbardo

  To investigate the effect of being assigned to different roles (guard or prisoner)

  To critically evaluate whether the resulting attitudes and behaviour could be better explained by situational factors
• Sample of zimbardo

  24 male volunteers who responded to a newspaper advert.

  they were white middle class college students who were unknown to eachother.

  paid 15 every day
• What was the advert for zimbardo

  Asked male students to participate in a psychological study of prison life
• What did the volunteers for zimbardo study have to do before the study

  Fill out a questionnaire on their family, mental health, and involvement in crime. Reduced 75 to 27
• What was the research method of zimbardo

  Lab experiment
• What was the IV of zimbardo

  Role they were given (prisoner or guard)
• DV of zimbardo

  Behaviour observed in the experiment.
• Brief procedure of zimbardo

  All ps consented and were randomly assigned to either the guard or prisoner role. 24hrs a day for 2 weeks. Guards attended briefing the day before and they helped create prison rules and were given uniforms. Prisoners were arrested without warning and had mugshots and fingerprints taken. Detained in a real cell then taken to fake prison at Stanford
• What happened at Stanford uni in zimbardo

  The prisoners were stripped and sprayed . Given a uniform and led to their cell.
• What were the uniforms of zimbardo like

  Guards - wore military style plain shirt and trousers with sunglasses and a whistle

  prisoners - loose fitting smock with number on front and back. Not given any underwear made to wear rubber sandals
• How was privacy taken away in zimbardo 


  Given three toilet breaks a day
• What were the results of zimbardo

  Experiment stopped after 6 days as people were experiencing emotional trauma.

  90% of conversations of prisoners were about the prison not their personal life

  guards spent 2/3rds of time out of prison but still took roles very seriously.
• How did prisoners react to the experiment

  Began to experience loss of identity and introduced self as number not name.

  had to request permission to use bathroom.
• How did guards react to experiment

  Some were cruel and harsh

  behaviour intensified in hostility
• Conclusions of zimbardo

  Behaviour of participant can be explained by situational factors

  findings should be used to inform guard training programmes
• Application one

  Restorative justice

  meeting of victim and offender

  a contract is signed by the offender where they agree to undertake actions
• What are the six steps of restorative justice

  Restoration

  voluntarism

  neutrality

  safety

  accessibility

  respect
• What is application two

  Cognitive behavioural therapy

  25 sessions that are 2.5 hrs long
• What is an example of CBT

  JETS - juvenile estate thinking skills
• two parts to CBT

  individual session - one on one where they complete a workbook.

  group session with 6 other young people